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BUDIDAYA IKAN MUJAIR
( Tilapia mossambica ) 
1. SEJARAH SINGKAT Ikan mujair merupakan jenis ikan konsumsi air tawar, bentuk badan pipih dengan warna abu-abu, coklat atau hitam. Ikan ini berasal dari perairan Afrika dan pertama kali di Indonesia ditemukan oleh bapak Mujair di muara sungai Serang pantai selatan Blitar Jawa Timur pada tahun 1939. Ikan mujair mempunyai toleransi yang besar terhadap kadar garam/salinit as. Jenis ikan ini mempunyai kecepatan pertumbuhan yang relatif lebih cepat, tetapi setelah dewasa percepatan pertumbuhannya akan menurun. Panjang total maksimum yang dapat dicapai ikan mujair adalah 40 cm. 2. SENTRA PERIKANAN Sentra perikanan terdapat didaerah Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Sumatera, Kalimantan. |
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Tilapia fish farming
(Oreochromis niloticus)
1. A BRIEF HISTORY
Tilapia is a species of freshwater fish with elongated body shape and laterally compressed and white color black. Tilapia from the Nile river and surrounding lakes. Now this fish has spread to countries across five continents tropical and subtropical climates. Whereas in temperate regions, tilapia fish can not live well liked by many nations indigo because the meat nice and thick like fish meat
red snapper. Fish seeds were imported into Indonesia officially by the Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute in 1969. After a period of research and
adaptation, then the fish is distributed to farmers throughout Indonesia. Nila is a typical Indonesian name given by the Government through the Director General of Fisheries.
2. FISHERIES CENTER
In Indonesia, tilapia have been cultivated in all provinces.
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Carp CULTIVATION
(Osphronemus gouramy)
1. A BRIEF HISTORY
Carp is a species of freshwater fish consumption, wide flat body shape, dorsal and ventral color merahsawo berwarnakekuning-brass / silver. Carp is Anabantidae family, descendants Labyrinthici Helostoma and nation. Carp from local waters Sunda (West Java, Indonesia), and spread to Malaysia, Thailands, Ceylon and Australia. Carp growth somewhat slower than other types of freshwater fish. In Indonesia, the Javanese called it carp, Gurameh, the Sumatran fish if, when, kalui, while in Borneo called Kalui. The English called it "Giant gouramy", because of its size until it reaches the weight of 5 kg.
2. FISHERIES CENTER
Regions in Indonesia being the center of fisheries are: Sumatra, West Nusa Tenggara and Java. While abroad, namely: Thailand, Japan and the Philippines.
3. TYPE
Classification carp are as follows:
Class: Pisces
Sub Class: Teleostei
Order: Labyrinthici
Sub Order: Anabantoidae
Family: Anabantidae
Genus: Osphronemus
Species: Osphronemus goramy (Lacepede)
Types of carp that have been known to the public include: geese carp, carp japanese, blausafir, paris, hybrid and porcelain. Last four lots being developed in West Java, especially in Bogor. Compared to other types of carp, porcelain is superior in producing eggs. If the parent hybrid in each nest only able to produce 2000-3000 eggs, capable of 10 000 grain porcelain. Therefore, people call it as the top of the pop, and at most favored.
4. BENEFITS
As a source of animal protein supply.
5. LOCATION REQUIREMENTS
1. Good ground for the pond maintenance is the type of clay / clay, does not pivot and contains enough humus. Soil type can hold a large mass of water and not leak so it can be made bund / walls of the pool.
2. The slope of the land is good for making the pond ranged from 3-5% to facilitate the irrigation pond by gravity.
3. Carp can grow to normal, if the location of maintenance is at 50-400 m altitude above sea level.
4. For maintenance of water quality carp must be clean and not muddy bottom of the pool, not too muddy and not contaminated by toxic chemicals, and oil / industrial waste.
5. Pool with a depth of 70-100 cm and irrigation system that flows very well for growth and physical development of carp. For the maintenance of traditional in special ponds, discharge water that is allowed is 3 liters / sec, while for the maintenance of polyculture, the ideal water flow is between 6-12 liters / second.
6. Water acidity (pH), which both are between 6.5 to 8.
7. A good water temperature ranges between 24-28 degrees C.
6. TECHNICAL GUIDANCE CULTIVATION
1. Preparation Facility and Equipment
1. Pool
Common types of ponds used in the cultivation of carp, among others:
1. Parent storage pool
This pool serves to store the parent in preparing for egg maturation and health care carriers, such as swimming pool with an area of land approximately 10 meters square, kedalamam least 50 cm and density of pond 20 females and 10 males.
2. Spawning Pool
Ground swimming pool with an area of 200 / 300 square feet and a tail pond density requires 20-10 square meters (depending on the system of spawning). The terms of spawning pond is the water temperature ranges between 24-28 degrees C; depth of 75-100 cm of water, the pond should be sandy. Place means a place paste injuk or twigs.
3. Pool maintenance of seed / pond
Size pond no more than 50-100 square meters. Pool water depths between 30-50 cm. Density should be 50-50 deer / square meter. Long time in the maintenance of the pond / seedling between 3-4 weeks, when the fish are 3-5 cm in size.
4. Swimming enlargement
Rearing pond serves as a place to nurture and raise the seed after the pond. Sometimes this is necessary in the maintenance of some pond nets from 1.25 to 1.5 cm. Number of spreading the seeds should be no more than 10 animals per square meter.
5. Swimming / place Pemberokan
This place is cleaning the fish before it is marketed The way of making the pool are as follows:
1. Measure the ground 10 x 10 m (100 m 2).
2. Make pematangnya with size; the top width 0.5 m, the bottom 1 m and a height of 1 m.
3. Put the pipe / big bamboo for income and expenditure of water. Set high and low, so you can easily insert and remove the water.
4. Subgrade Cangkullah pond so loose, and then flattened again. Ground will be soft when watered, so the holes will be covered with soil, and water does not come out due to leaks from the pores. Sloping bottom of the pool is made toward the exit of water.
5. Make a channel in the middle of the main pool, the water extends from the entrance to the exit. Channel width is 0.5 m and depth of 15 cm.
6. Dry pond with two sacks of manure that is spread evenly, then entered the water. Let stand for one week, so shattered and fertilizers seep into the ground and form a lichen, as well as testing for Pool tidask leak. 0.75 to 1 m. high water
2. Equipment
Tools commonly used in carp hatchery operations include: netting, Waring (Aspect), hapa (box of nets / netting to accommodate temporary or seed parent), seser, buckets, basins of various sizes, weights a small scale ( grams) and large (Kg), hoes, sickles, knives and plates Secchi (Secchi disc) to measure levels of turbidity. While other equipment used to harvest / catch carp include warring / scoopnet smooth, sieve panglembangan diameter 100 cm, 5 cm in diameter penandean sieve, place the fish store, kemplung cage, cage kupyak, fish bus (for transporting fish at close range ), kekaban (for the placing of eggs that are attached), hapa tricote fabric (to be controlled hatching eggs), or occasionally to catch the seeds, from aluminum sieve penyabetan / bamboo, oblok / delok (for transport of seed), sirib ( to catch the seed size of 10 cm or more), Aspect / hanco (for fishing), lambit from nylon nets (to catch fish consumption), scoopnet (to catch fish aged one week or more), seser (point = scoopnet, but its size bigger), rectangular-shaped nets (to catch fish or fish consumption parent).
2. Seeding
1. Parent Selection
The characteristics of a good parent carp are as follows:
1. Has the properties of rapid growth.
2. Normal body shape (ratio of ideal length and weight).
3. Head size is relatively small
4. Arrangement of scales orderly, smooth, bright colors and shiny and tidakluka.
5. Normal movement and agile.
6. Sepertipisang beautiful lip shape, small mouths and no beard.
7. Aged between 2-5 years.
The distinguishing characteristics for female and male parent were as follows:
* Females
o Forehead meninjol.
o Basic pectoral fin dark blackish light.
o chin brownish white.
o If the tail is placed on a flat spot just moving.
distriping o If the stomach does not produce fluid.
* Males
o Forehead prominent.
o Basic pectoral whitish light.
o yellow chin.
o If placed on the flat tail will go up.
o If the stomach of sperm distriping white discharge.
2. Maintenance Association
Parent-parent elected (20-30 tails for swimming area of 10 m 2) are stored in the parent storage pool. Give food for the shelter. For any parent with a weight between 2-3 kg of leaves were fed as much as 1 / 3 kg each day in the afternoon. Additional food in the form of fine bran brewed hot water is given two times a week with a rate of half the land each time giving blekminyak.
3. Breeding
When the process of maturation gonada (bladder eggs and sperm) in a pool shelter has reached its peak, the parent immediately included in the spawning ponds. The way pemijjahan carp are as follows:
1. Pond drained for five days in advance, fix the levee and the pond.
2. Do liming and fertilizing. Basic fertilizing with manure dose 7.5 kg/100 square meters and let stand for 3 days.
3. Tanami bottom of a pond with algae plant dog tails
4. Fill the water was mixed with artificial fertilizers TSP gram/100 sebantak 500 square meters, leave for a week and then fill the water to a depth of 75 cm.
5. For the pool area of 100 square meters can be deployed as many as 30 parent females and 10 males. After spawning is in progress, 1-2 days the female parent will release her eggs into the nests of later disemproti by the male sperm so that fertilization occurs the egg. 20-30 days later, the parent-the parent is maintained well and will spawn again and a few days later the eggs will hatch.
4. Seed Maintenance
Seeds that have been aged 1-2 months from hatching can be brought up at the pond, or paddy fields as penyelang. In the implementation of separation is to make draining the pond or wetland, fertilizing, dike repair and installation of a filter or repair the pipes at the entrance of the income or expenditure of water. After preparation is completed, the seeds were sown with a density of 30 deer / square meter and seed size of 50-10 cm of the pond. Meals can be provided for maintenance are termites or leaves that have been softened with a dose of 20-30% on average weight. Additional food in the form of fine bran brewed hot water is given a dose of times a week with a tin of kerosene to 100 fry. Separation of about 1-2 months duration.
3. Magnification Maintenance
1. Maintenance of enlargement can be done in polyculture and monoculture.
1. Polyculture
Dipeliharan common carp fish tawes, carp, carp, tilapia or catfish. This mode is more favorable because growth is slow enough carp.
2. Monoculture
In the maintenance of separate carp, seeds should be distributed at least 2 months old. Spreading the seeds of 500 tails (size 10-15 cm) wide is required around 1500 square meters swimming
2. Fertilization
Fertilization can be done with chemicals and manure. In general, fertilization only done one time in any maintenance, with a view to enhance natural food for pets. The first stage performed at the time of fertilization ponds dried. At this time the given fertilizer is animal manure as much as 7.5 kg for each 100 m 2 ponds, water is left little by little until it reached a height of 10 cm and left for three days. In the next phase of fertilization done using artificial fertilizers such as TSP or as much as 500 grams of urea fertilizer for each 100 m 2 pond. Giving both fertilizers were sown evenly to every corner of the base and the pond.
3. Feeding
Carp staple food in the form of pellets that can be nourished, but in an area somewhat difficult to obtain pellets, leaves are an excellent alternative for food fish, such as: papaya, taro, cassava, velvetleaf, wallet, water spinach, sweet potatoes sweet potatoes, cucumbers, squash and dadap. Regular feeding with high quality and quantity can increase the growth of fish body faster. Parent-parent gurame healthy and secure food can be cultivated twice a year for five consecutive years.
4. Pond Maintenance / Pond
After each harvest, the pond is cleaned / drained. after fertilization was done in order to affect the fertility of the pond, so that when the seed is spread, the fertility of fish will be guaranteed and fast growth of fish.
7. Pests and diseases
1. Disease
Disorders that can cause fish death is a disease called non-parasitic diseases and diseases caused by parasites. Non-parasitic disorders can include water pollution, such as the presence of toxic gases such as sulfuric acid or ammonia; damage caused by the arrest or abnormalities of the body due to heredity. Birds in the pond is to detect the condition and behavior of the fish. Necessary knowledge and sufficient experience to know. sick fish usually become thin and slow movements. Other disorders such as parasitic disease, caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and various other microorganisms. When the fish exposed to the diseases caused by parasites, can be recognized as follows:
1. Diseases of the skin; in certain parts of red, especially in the chest, abdomen and the base of the fins.
2. Diseases of the gills, gill cover extends. Gazette gills become pale, sometimes seem to tinge red and gray
3. Diseases of the internal organs; stomach bloated fish, scales up. Prevention of these diseases can be done by lifting and drying fish pond several days for the parasite in all stages of death. Parasites that attach to the fish body can be weeded with tweezers. Treatment for fish that have been quite memprihatikan circumstances, can be done using chemicals such as:
1. Treatment with Potassium Permanganate (PK)
1. Provide water wells or other sources of clean water in tanks in accordance with the weight of the fish to be treated.
2. Make a solution of 2 PK gram/10 sdt/100 liter or 1.5 l of water.
3. Soak the fish to be treated in the solution for 30-60 minutes continuously monitored.
4. If it has not healed completely, therapy can be repeated three or four days later.
2. Treatment with Neguvon. Neguvon fish soaked in solution with 2 to 3.5% during the three mernit. For deliverance rantasan parasites in the pond, the materials dissolved in water up to concentration 0.1% Neguvon ago splashed into the pond that had dried. Let stand for 2 days.
3. Treatment with common salt. This is done in the countryside that difficult to get the chemicals. How:
1. prepare containers filled with clean water. per 100 cc of water is mixed with 1-2 grams (NaCl), stirring until smooth;
2. ill fish soaked in the solution. But because the drug is dangerous, the duration of immersion is 5-10 minutes.
3. After the fish was immediately transferred to a container that contains water to be moved further back into the pool;
4. repeated treatment can be performed 3-4 days later in the same way.
2. Pest
For carp seed is the main enemy interference from wild fish / predators and some species of fish as pets tawes, carp and Snakeskin Gourami. Another enemy is the monitor lizards, frogs, snakes and various birds of prey.
8. HARVEST
1. Arrest
Harvesting the seeds can be carried out after a month-old seedlings. The way to discourage water little by little while the water enters the channel is reduced. Fit a soft mesh on the door of expenditure to accommodate the seed or it could also create a trench in the middle of the pond toward the hole expenditure. Seeds are well maintained can reach weights 0.3 grams / fish at harvest. The harvesting carp very tersantung enlargement of the requested size of the consumer. Harvesting is generally done after a 2-3 year old fish, fish 2 years old and has about 25 cm long and weighs 0.3 kg / head, while three year-old fish is about 35 cm in length and weight of 0.7 kg / head . For 4-year-old fish can reach 40 cm in length and weighing 1.5 kg / head. As for how to capture: disurutkan water little by little, arrests were made in the morning. How to Avoid catching fish that can cause injury.
2. Cleaning
After the pool water receded, the seeds were ushered into a small plot. Then diserok and inserted into the harvest basket. Usually when harvesting is not only just caught carp, so before the fish entered the pond Pemberokan, must be selected and cleared first. Seed cleaning done during the first days. objective that was not drunk when fish are transported to market. The duration is adjusted by the amount of seed cleaning.
9. Postharvest
1. Handling of live fish
Sometimes these fish will be more expensive when sold in a live situation. It is worth noting that these fish to consumers in live, fresh and healthy, among others:
1. In the transport of water use low temperature around 20 degrees C.
2. Transportation time should be in the morning or evening.
3. Total fish density in the transport equipment not too dense.
2. Handling of fresh fish
Mas fresh fish is a product that quickly descended quality. Things to look for ways to conserve include:
1. The arrest must be done carefully so the fish are not injured.
2. Before packaging, the fish should be washed to clean and mucus.
3. Containers must be clean and enclosed carriers. To transport a short distance (2 hours drive), can be used in baskets lined with banana leaves or plastic. For long-distance transportation of used boxes and corrugated iron or fiberglass. The maximum box capacity of 50 kg with a maximum of 50 cm high box.
3. Fish placed in containers that are iced with a temperature of 6-7 degrees C.
Use the form of ice into small pieces (ice detached) with a ratio of ice and fish = 1:1. Basic box 4-5 cm-thick ice coated. Then the fish are prepared on the ice was 50-10 cm thick, then a layer of ice again and so on. Between fish given a box with walls of ice, as well as between fish by closing the box. While the things that need to be considered in pananganan postharvest seed is as follows:
1. Seeds should be selected healthy fish that is free from diseases, parasites and not disabled. After that, a new fish seed is inserted into a plastic bag (closed system) or cages (open systems).
2. Water transport media used must be clean, healthy, free of pests and diseases and other organic materials. For example you can use well water that has been aerated overnight.
3. Before the fish fry must diberok transported for a few days earlier. Use the form Pemberokan tub containing water and with good aeration. Bak Pemberokan can be made with size 1 mx 1 mx 0.5 m or 2 m. With such measures, like Pemberokan can accommodate a number of 5000-6000 seeds goldfish tail with 3-5 cm in size. The number of seeds in Pemberokan be adjusted by seed size.
4. By the duration / distance of deliveries, the seed transport system is divided into two parts, namely:
1. Open systems
Made to transport the seeds in close proximity or do not require a long time. Transporter in the form of cages. Each cage can be filled with 15 liters of clean water and be able to carry about 5000 fry 3-5 cm in size.
2. Closed system
Performed for long-distance transport of seeds may take more than 4-5 hours, using a plastic bag. The volume of transport medium consisting of 5 liters of clean water a given buffer Na2 (hpo) 4.1H2O as much as nine grams. Packaging method that transported fish with a plastic bag:
1. enter the clean water into a plastic bag and then the seed;
2. remove the air by pressing the plastic bag into the water;
3. circulate oxygen from the tube poured into plastic bags as much as 2 / 3 the volume of the entire cavity (water: oxygen = 1:2);
4. plastic bags and tied.
5. plastic bag inserted into dos with longitudinal position or put to sleep. Dos with the length 0.50 m, width 0.35 m, 0.50 m high and can be filled two plastic bags.
Some things to note after the seeds until their destination is as follows:
1. Prepare a solution of 25 ppm of tetracycline in the basin (one capsule tertasiklin in 10 liters of clean water).
2. Open the plastic bag, add water from the local swimming very slowly to changes in water temperature in a plastic bag occurred slowly.
3. Transfer the fish to a basin containing a solution of tetracycline for 1-2 minutes.
4. Enter the fish fry into the tub Pemberokan. In the bathtub Pemberokan fish fed sufficiently. In addition, treatment with tetracycline is 25 ppm for three consecutive days. Besides tetrsikli can also use other drugs such as KMnO4 as much as 20 ppm or as much as 4% formalin for 3-5 minutes.
5. After one week of quarantine, seeding cultivation of fish in the pond.
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I. Pendahuluan.  Lele merupakan jenis ikan yang digemari masyarakat, dengan rasa yang lezat, daging empuk, duri teratur dan dapat disajikan dalam berbagai macam menu masakan.
II. Pembenihan Lele.
Adalah budidaya lele untuk menghasilkan benih sampai berukuran tertentu dengan cara mengawinkan induk jantan dan betina pada kolam-kolam khusus pemijahan. Pembenihan lele mempunyai prospek yang bagus dengan  tingginya konsumsi lele serta banyaknya usaha pembesaran lele. III. Sistem Budidaya. Terdapat 3 sistem pembenihan yang dikenal, yaitu : |
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