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DATA PENGUNJUNG
Mulai Oktober 2008
 | Hari ini | 173 |
 | Kemarin | 1384 |
 | Minggu ini | 11039 |
 | Bulan ini | 32124 |
 | Semua | 881409 |
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| Tilapia fish farming |
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Tilapia fish farming  1. A BRIEF HISTORY Tilapia is a species of freshwater fish with elongated body shape and laterally compressed and white color black. Tilapia from the Nile river and surrounding lakes. Now this fish has spread to countries across five continents tropical and subtropical climates. Whereas in temperate regions, tilapia fish can not live well liked by many nations indigo because the meat nice and thick like fish meat red snapper. Fish seeds were imported into Indonesia officially by the Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute in 1969. After a period of research and adaptation, then the fish is distributed to farmers throughout Indonesia. Nila is a typical Indonesian name given by the Government through the Director General of Fisheries. 2. FISHERIES CENTER In Indonesia, tilapia have been cultivated in all provinces. 3. TYPE Classification of tilapia are as follows: Class: Osteichthyes Sub-class: Acanthoptherigii Crdo: Percomorphi Sub-order: Percoidea Family: Cichlidae Genus: Oreochromis Species: Oreochromis niloticus. There are three types of tilapia are known, namely: ordinary tilapia, red tilapia (nirah) and indigo albino. 4. BENEFITS As a source of animal protein supply. 5. LOCATION REQUIREMENTS 1. Good ground for the pond maintenance is the type of clay / clay, does not pivot. These soil types can hold large water mass and does not leak so it can be made bund / walls of the pool. 2. The slope of the land is good for making the pond ranged from 3-5% to facilitate the irrigation pond by gravity. 3. Suitable tilapia reared in the lowland to slightly high (500 m asl). 4. Maintenance of water quality for tilapia fish must be clean, not too muddy and not contaminated by toxic chemicals, and oil / industrial waste. Water turbidity caused by pelumpuran will slow the growth of fish. Another case when the water turbidity caused by plankton. Plankton-rich water can be yellowish-green and green-brown because it contains a lot of diatomae. While plankton / algae blue unfavorable to the growth of fish. Brightness level of water must be controlled because of plankton that can be measured with an instrument called a Secchi plate (Secchi disc). For in pools and ponds, numbers of good brightness between 20-35 cm. 5. Discharge of water to calm water swimming 8-15 liters / sec / ha. Calm waters and clean condition, since tilapia can not breed well in water rapids. 6. Value of water acidity (the pH), live tilapia ranged from 6 to 8.5. While water acidity (pH) between 7-8 is optimal. 7. Optimal water temperature ranges from 25-30 degrees C. 8. The preferred water salinity between 0-35 per mile. 6. TECHNICAL GUIDANCE CULTIVATION 1. Preparation Facility and Equipment 1. Pool Facilities such as swimming that need to be provided in tilapia fish farming depends on the maintenance system (system of a pond, two swimming etc). The most common type of pond used in the cultivation of tilapia, among others: 1. Pool maintenance of the parent / breeder Swimming pool serves as the spawning pond, swimming pool should form an area of land 50-100 square meters and the density of the main pool only 2 birds / m 2. The terms of spawning pond is the water temperature ranges between 20-22 degrees C; depth of 40-60 cm of water, the pond should be sandy. 2. Pool maintenance of seed / pond Size pond no more than 50-100 square meters. Pool water depths between 30-50 cm. Density should be 50-50 deer / square meter. Long time in the maintenance of the pond / seedling between 3-4 weeks, when the fish are 3-5 cm in size. 3. Swimming enlargement Rearing pond serves as a place to nurture and raise the seed after the pond. Sometimes this is necessary in the maintenance of some pond enlargement, namely: 1. Pond rearing phase I works to maintain after the fish fry from the pond. This pool should amount to between 2-4 pieces with a maximum area of 250-500 square feet / swimming. Enlargement phase I is not advisable to use cement ponds, because seeds of this size requires a large space. After the seed into small logs, the seed enters a second phase of enlargement inflammation or direct sale to farmers. 2. Pond rearing phase II is to maintain a large seed logs. Swimming pools can be either land or paddy fields. Floating cage can also be used with mesh eye 1.25 to 1.5 cm. Total spreading enlargement phase II should be no more than 10 animals per square meter. 3. Enlargement phase III serves to raise the seed. Required between 80-100 cm soil pool with an area of 500-2000 square meters. 4. Swimming / place Pemberokan Enlargement of tilapia can also be done in floating net in the form of hapa size 1 x 2 m to 2 x 3 m with a depth of 75-100 cm. Hapa size can be adjusted with the depth of the pond. Besides being diberokan fields can be used also for the maintenance of breeder seeds and tilapia. Before use rice terraces first deepened in order to retain water as deep as 50-60 cm, is made as wide trench from 1 to 1.5 m with a depth of 60-75 cm. 2. Equipment Tools commonly used in tilapia hatchery operations include: netting, Waring (Aspect), hapa (box of nets / netting to accommodate temporary or seed parent), seser, buckets, basins of various sizes, weights a small scale ( grams) and large (kg), hoes, sickles, knives and plates Secchi (Secchi disc) to measure levels of turbidity. While other equipment used to harvest / catch tilapia, among others, are warring / scoopnet smooth, sieve panglembangan diameter 100 cm, 5 cm in diameter penandean sieve, place the fish store, kemplung cage, cage kupyak, fish bus (for transporting fish at close range ), kekaban (for the placing of eggs that are attached), hapa tricote of cloth (for hatching eggs is controlled) or sometimes to catch the seeds, sieves penyabetan of aluminum / bamboo, oblok / delok (for transport of seed), sirib ( to catch the seed size of 10 cm or more), Aspect / hanco (to capture fish), lambit from nylon nets (to catch fish consumption), scoopnet (to catch fish aged one week or more), seser (Point = scoopnet, but it was bigger), rectangular-shaped nets (to catch the parent fish or fish consumption). 3. Media Preparation The meaning of preparation is to prepare the media for the maintenance of fish, especially on drying, fertilizing, etc.. In preparing this maintenance media, which needs to be done is draining the pond for a few days, then done for calcification eradicate pests and wild fish as much as 25-200 grams / square meter, given the accumulation of artificial fertilizers, namely urea and TSP each at a dose of 50-700 grams / square meter, can also be added in the form of fertilizers of urea and TSP each each with a dose of 15 grams and 10 grams / square meter. 2. Seeding 1. Seeds and Parent Selection The characteristics of indigo is superior parent seed are as follows: 1. Able to produce seeds in large quantities with high quality. 2. Growing very fast. 3. Very responsive to artificial food provided. 4. Resistant to pests, parasites and diseases. 5. Can live and grow well in relatively poor aquatic environments. 6. The size of a good parent to be cultivated is 120-180 grams or more per cow and was about 4-5 months. The distinguishing characteristics for female and male parent were as follows: 1. Female 1. There are three holes on urogenetial namely: anal, hole-hole expenditures eggs and urine. 2. Tip of fin pale reddish color is not clear. 3. Color whiter belly. 4. Color white chin. 5. If the stomach does not produce fluid distriping. 2. Male 1. In the tool there are two holes urogenetial namely: the anus and the hole-hole double sperm urine. 2. Tip fins bright reddish color and clear. 3. Belly color is more dark / swarthy. 4. Chin blackish color and reddish. 5. If the stomach distriping discharge. Tilapia is very easy to interbreed and lay eggs in the wild. As a result, the density of the pond increases. In addition, tilapia are childless so that slower growth is needed for a longer period in order to achieve the expected size for consumption. To overcome the lack of tilapia on top, then the developed single-sex culture method (monoseks). In this method, seeds are kept because male tilapia grow faster male and female tilapia. There are four ways to produce male tilapia seed are: 1. Manually (selected) 2. Specific hybridization system antarjenis 3. Stimulate sex hormone changes 4. Technique using male sex hormones are two ways. 1. Submersion 2. Hormone treatment through feed 2. Seed germination and Maintenance In hatchery operations, the activities included are: 1. Maintaining and breeding of the parent fish to produce seed (juveniles). 2. Maintaining seed (mendeder) to produce larger fish. Effort usually produce seeds of different sizes. This relates to the length of the maintenance of seed. Tilapia seed new parent's mouth off and called a "seed kebul". The seed that was 2-3 weeks after hatching is called a small seed, which is also called putihan (West Java). 3-5 cm in size. Furthermore, small seeds are kept in other ponds or in rice fields. After reared for 3-1 weeks will produce seed size 6 cm with a weight of 80-10 grams / fish. This seed is called small logs. Seeds of red tilapia. 2-3 weeks of age, ± 5 cm in size. Small logs are kept in another place for 1 - 1.5 months. In this age of the seed has reached the length of 10-12 cm with a weight of 15-20 grams. This seed is called a big log. 3. Magnification Maintenance Two weeks before and used the pond should be prepared. Bottom of the pool drained, dried in the sun a few days, cleared of weeds and hoe as she flattened. Dike and water gates do not let teriadi leaks repaired. Improved water channel water to the road smoothly. Filter installed at the entrance of the income and expenditure of water. Basic soil limed to correct soil pH and combat hamanya. To mi calcium oxide is used as much as 100-300 kg / ha (when used hot lime, Ca 0). If the dose used agricultural lime 500-1000 kg / ha. Manure mixed with soil and sows the pond. Manure can also dionggokkan in front of the door entry so that when the irrigated water can be spread evenly. Dose of 1-2 tons of manure / ha. After everything is prepared, irrigated pond. At first, 50-10 cm deep and allowed 2-3 days for the foundation soil mineralization teriadi kolam.Lalu add more water to a depth of 80-100 cm. Now the pond is ready for the dotted parent fish. 1. Fertilization Fertilization with organic fertilizers, inorganic fertilizers (Urea and TSP), and lime. Mode and dose of fertilizer applied in accordance with the standards prescribed by the local fisheries department, in accordance with the level of fertility in each region. A few days before the stocking of fish, the pond should be prepared first. Bund and sluice ponds repaired, then the pond hoe and flattened. After that, the pond sprinkled with lime as much as 100-150 kg / ha. Calcification serves to raise the pH value becomes 7.0 to 8.0 and ponds can also prevent disease. Furthermore, given the pool of organic fertilizer as much as 300-1000 kg / ha. Urea and TSP fertilizer is also awarded as much as 50 kg / ha. Urea and TSP is given by mixed beforehand and were scattered evenly in the bottom of the pond. Pen finished fertilizing irrigated 10 cm deep and allowed 3-4 days for the reaction between various kinds of fertilizer and lime to the soil. Han fifth pool water added until it becomes as deep as 50 cm. After a day and night, water, seeds dotted the pond fish. At that time began to grow phytoplankton which is marked by a color change to yellow-green pool water. At the bottom of the pool also began to have many tiny organisms that form the water flea, an insect larva, worms, snails children and so forth. During the maintenance of fish, deep water pool is set 75-100 cm. Fertilization should be done two weeks of follow-up once, ie at the time was running out of natural food. This follow-up fertilizer using organic fertilizer as much as 500 kglha. Fertilizer was divided into four and each put in bamboo baskets. Then the basket is placed at the bottom of the pool, two in the bush kin and two on the right side of the flow of incoming water. While a two baskets again placed in the corners of the pond. Urea and TSP respectively as much as 30 kg / ha placed in plastic bags which are small holes for fertilizer, little by little. Fertilizer bags are hung from a bamboo pole anchored in the bottom of the pond. Ng submerged position but did not reach the bottom of the pond. In addition to re-pile. tilapia fish must also remain given the bran and bran. fertilizing the above can be done to the freshwater ponds, brackish or fallow fields. 2. Feeding Fertilizing the pond have stimulated the growth of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and animals that live at the base, such as worms, snails, mosquitoes and larva Chironomus (choke). All that can be a food of tilapia. However, the parent of tilapia is also still needs additional food pellets containing 30-40% protein, with fat content not exceeding 3%. Egg formation in fish require sufficient protein intake in food. It should be also added vitamin E and C are derived and bean sprouts and a duris daun-daunan/sayuran-slices. Can also be fed aquatic plants such as ganggeng (Hydrilla). Number of pellets as feed for broodstock approximately 3% by weight of biomass per day. In order to know the weight of bio-mass samples were taken 10 fish, weighed, and averaged weight. The average weight obtained is multiplied by the total number of fish in the pond. For example, the average weight of 220 grams of fish, total fish biomass of 90 tails then the weight 220 x 90 = 19 800 g. The number of rations per day 3% x 19 800 grams = 594 grams. This ration is given 2-3 times daily. Many feedstuffs containing fat such as nuts and copra meal is not good for holding fish. Moreover, if God is already smelled rancid. Refined rice bran and rice bran as feed should be given. Feedstuffs like that also serves to increase the fertility of the pond. 3. Pond Maintenance / Pond Maintenance system and the intensity of tilapia depending on where the maintenance and production tersedia.Target inputs must be adjusted to market demand. Usually, consumers want the number and size of different fish. The intensity of effort divided into three levels, namely 1. Ekstenslf System (simple technology) * System maintenance system is an extensive undeveloped fish. Input production is very simple. Usually done in a freshwater pond. Can also be done in the fields. Watering depends on rainy seasons. Swimming pools are usually used in a narrow yard. The result of the fish only for their own family consumption. In a polyculture system maintenance. This system has been popularized in poor rural areas. * Fertilization is not applied exclusively. Fish fed a food that is wasted, as the remnants of kitchen waste agriculture (rice bran, coconut cake, etc..). * Estimates do not necessarily harvesting. Fish that have a rather large can be harvested at any time. The result of extensive systems maintenance actually pretty good, because pemanenannya stages. For swimming herukuran 2 x 1 x 1 m tilapia seed sown by 20 room size of 30 cows. After two months captured 10 cows, maintained three months later lambing, so so on. Total production of this system can reach 1000 kg per ha / year 2 months. Replacement of pool water using well water. Replacement performed once a week. 2. Semi-Intensive System (medium technology) * Maintenance of semi-intensive can be done in the pool, the pond, in the fields, and in net cages. Maintenance is usually used for separation. In this system has been carried out fertilization and supplementary feeding regularly. * Improvements in the form of irrigation channels is good enough so that swimming can produce 2-3 times per annum. In addition, replacement of water can also done routinely. Maintenance of fish in rice fields only takes 2 to 2.5 months because of the rice plant in conjunction with or as penyelang. Hence, the size of fish and rice is no more than 50 gr. That is, if the seed has nurtured the seeds of large logs. * Budi fish resources in semi-intensive tilapia in ponds can be done in monoculture or in polyculture. In monoculture systems should be used single sex. This noodle because male tilapia grows faster and female tilapia. * Semi-intensive systems can also be integrated (intergrated), meaning that fish ponds are managed along with other farm and household industry. Business eg goats, ducks and so forth. Cages built on top of the pool so that livestock manure into fertilizer for the pond. * Business watercress farm, velvetleaf and other vegetables can also be maintained with tilapia fish. Vegetable waste into fertilizer and feed supplement for fish. While the dirty mud and pond fish can become fertilizer for the vegetable garden. * Business huler / rice mill has the byproduct of rice bran and bran. Therefore, it should be built in fish pond near the mill. * Fishery Research results of integrated systems can produce fish up to 5 tons or more per 1 ha / year. 3. Intensive system (advanced technology) * The system is maintenance intensive pisciculture most modern systems. High fish production is very high until the market adjusted dengankebutuhan. * Maintenance can be performed in a pool or pond of brackish water and good irrigation. Substitution of water can be done as often as possible in accordance with the level of fish density. Volume of water changed every day as much as 20% or even more. * In an intensive effort, fish seed should be a single woman who reared Dain males only. Food that is given must also be qualified. * Daily ration was 3% and the weight of the fish biomass per day. foods should form the pellets of protein content within 25-26%, 6-8% fat. The food should be done by the technicians themselves can be observed appetite fish. Knya feed given out in just five minutes. If the feed is not discharged within five minutes means that the fish get trouble. Disturbance in the form of disease, changes in water quality, hot air, too often given feed. 7. Pests and diseases 1. Pest 1. Bebeasan (Notonecta) Harmful to the seeds because of the sting. Control: poured kerosene into water's surface cc/100 500 square meters. 2. Ucrit (Larvae cybister) Clamp body with its tusks to tear the fish. Control: hard to be eradicated; avoid piling organic materials around the pool. 3. Frog Eating fish eggs. Control: often discard eggs that float; menagkap and dispose of it alive. 4. Snake Attacking seeds and small fish. Control: do arrest; pool fencing. 5. Lingsang Eat fish at night. Control: berumpun trap pairs. 6. Bird Ate light-colored seeds such as red, yellow. Control: given a bamboo barrier so hard to pounce; given the tassel or cord barrier. 2. Disease 1. Diseases of the skin Symptoms: in certain parts of red, discolored and slimy body. Control: 1. soaked in a solution of PK (potassium permanganate) for 30-60 minutes with a dose of 2 liters of water gram/10, therapy was repeated three days later. 2. soaked in Negovon (potassium permanganate) for 3 minutes at a dose of 2 to 3.5%. 2. Diseases of the gill Symptoms: gill lid swelling, pale gills Sheet / whitish. Control: same as above. 3. Diseases of the internal organs Symptoms: swollen belly fish, scales up, the fish is not nimble. Control: same as above. Generally things are done in order to prevent the occurrence of diseases and pests in the cultivation of tilapia: 1. Draining the pond on a regular basis after each harvest. 2. Maintenance of fish that are truly free of disease. 3. Avoid over-stocking of fish exceeds the capacity. 4. The ideal water intake system is parallel, each pool were given one door water intake. 5. The food is adequate, both in quality and quantity. 6. Handling of seeds at harvest or removal should be done carefully and correctly. 7. Animals such as birds, snails, fish-thousand (lebistus reticulatus Peters) as carriers of disease should not be allowed into the area perkolaman. 8. HARVEST Harvesting tilapia can be done in a way: the total harvest and harvest some of it. 1. Total harvest Total harvest was done by draining the pond, to a height of 10 cm of water to live. Harvesting quadrats / plot arrests made 1 m square area in front of the expenditure (monnik), so it is easy fishing. Harvesting the morning when things do not heat by using a Waring or scoopnet smooth. Harvesting done quickly and carefully to avoid injury of the fish. 2. Partial or selective harvest harvest Selective harvesting done without draining the pond, the fish will be harvested is selected with a specific size. Harvesting is done by using a Waring has been sprinkled upon which the bait (bran). Fish that are not selected (usually injured in a net), before being returned to the pool should be separated and given a drug with a solution of Malachite green 0,5-1,0 ppm for 1 hour. 9. Postharvest Postharvest handling of tilapia can be done by handling live fish and fresh fish. 1. Handling of live fish Sometimes these fish will be more expensive when sold in a live situation. It is worth noting that these fish to consumers in live, fresh and healthy, among others: 1. In the transport of water use low temperature around 20 degrees C. 2. Transportation time should be in the morning or evening. 3. Total fish density in the transport equipment not too dense. 2. Handling of fresh fish Mas fresh fish is a product that quickly descended quality. Things to look for ways to conserve include: 1. The arrest must be done carefully so the fish are not injured. 2. Before packaging, the fish should be washed to clean and mucus. 3. Containers must be clean and enclosed carriers. To transport a short distance (2 hours drive), can be used in baskets lined with banana leaves or plastic. For long-distance transportation of used boxes and corrugated iron or fiberglass. The maximum box capacity of 50 kg with a maximum of 50 cm high box. 4. Fish placed in containers that are iced with a temperature of 6-7 degrees C. Use the form of ice into small pieces (ice detached) with a ratio of ice and fish = 1:1. Basic box 4-5 cm-thick ice coated. Then prepared fish on the ice was 50-10 cm thick, then a layer of ice again and so on. Between fish given a box with walls of ice, thus also between fish by closing the box. 3. While the things that need to be considered in pananganan seeds are as follows: 1. Seeds should be selected healthy fish that is free from diseases, parasites and not disabled. After that, a new fish seed is inserted into the bag plastic (closed system) or cages (open systems). 2. Water transport media used must be clean, healthy, free of pests and diseases and other organic materials. As an example can be used water wells that had been aerated overnight. 3. Before the fish fry must diberok transported for a few days earlier. Use the form Pemberokan tub containing water and with good aeration. Bak Pemberokan can be made with size 1 mx 1 mx 0.5 m or 2 m. With these measures, Tub Pemberokan can accommodate a number of 5000-6000 seeds goldfish tail 3-5 cm in size. The number of seeds in Pemberokan be adjusted by seed size. 4. By the duration / distance of deliveries, the seed transport system is divided into two parts, namely: 1. Open systems Made to transport the seeds in close proximity or do not require a long time. Transporter in the form of cages. Each cage can be filled with 15 liters of clean water and be able to carry about 5000 fry 3-5 cm in size. 2. Closed system Performed for long-distance transport of seeds may take more than 4-5 hours, using a plastic bag. Volume of media transportation consists of five liters of clean water a given buffer Na2 (hpo) 4.1H2O as much as nine grams. Packaging method that transported fish with a plastic bag: 1. enter the clean water into a plastic bag and then the seed; 2. remove the air by pressing the plastic bag into the water; 3. circulate oxygen from the tube poured into plastic bags as much as 2 / 3 the volume of the entire cavity (water: oxygen = 1:2); 4. plastic bags and tied. 5. plastic bag inserted into dos with longitudinal position or put to sleep. Dos with the length 0.50 m, width 0.35 m, 0.50 m high and can be filled two plastic bags. Some things to note after the seed arrived at their destination are as follows: * Prepare a solution of 25 ppm of tetracycline in the basin (one capsule tertasiklin in 10 liters of clean water). * Open the plastic bag, add water from the local swimming very slowly to changes in water temperature in a plastic bag occurred slowly. * Move the fish into the basin containing the solution of tetracycline for 1-2 minutes. * Enter the fish fry into the tub Pemberokan. In the bathtub Pemberokan fish fed sufficiently. In addition, treatment with tetracycline is 25 ppm for three consecutive days. Besides tetrsikli can also use other drugs such as KMnO4 as much as 20 ppm or as much as 4% formalin for 3-5 minutes. * After one week of quarantine, seeding cultivation of fish in the pond. 
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