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DATA PENGUNJUNG
Mulai Oktober 2008
 | Hari ini | 221 |
 | Kemarin | 1384 |
 | Minggu ini | 11087 |
 | Bulan ini | 32172 |
 | Semua | 881457 |
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| Cattle Feed |
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1. A BRIEF HISTORY The cattle are kept for exploited workers / retrieved result by way mengembangbiakkannya thereby increasing farmers' incomes. Domesticated livestock in order to grow healthy and strong, much needed in the feed. Diet has an important role for livestock, either for the growth of young cattle and to maintain life and produce products (milk, kids, meat) and manpower for adult cattle. Another function of the feed is to maintain endurance and health. Livestock in order to grow as expected, the type of feed given to livestock must be of good quality and in sufficient quantities. Food that is often given to the work of livestock such as: forage and concentrates (food reinforcement). 2. TYPE 1. Fresh forage Fresh forage are all ingredients of feed given to livestock in the form of fresh, good first cut (by humans) or not (disengut directly by cattle). Generally consists of fresh forage leaves originating from grasses, plants the seeds / nuts type. Forage grasses is a very desirable farm fresh, easy to obtain because it has the ability to grow high, especially in the tropics although often cut / disengut directly by livestock so profitable farmers / farm managers. Forage contains a lot of carbohydrates in the form of simple sugars, starch and fructose which was instrumental in generating energy. 1. Herbage Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), grass Bengal (Penicum maximum), grass setaria (setaria sphacelata), Brachiaria grass (Brachiaria decumbens), grass Mexico (Euchlena Mexicana) and native grass that grows wild. 2. Nuts: lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala), stylo (Sty-losantes guyanensis), centro (Centrocema pubescens), Pueraria phaseoloides, Calopogonium muconoides and other types of nuts. 3. Leaves: leaves of jackfruit, banana leaves, leaf turi, leaves, etc. chinese petai. 2. Hay and forage dry Included in this group are all types of hay and forage which is cut and dried. Crude fiber content of more than 18% (straw, hay and seed coat nuts). 3. Silage Silage is forage that is stored in the form of fresh plants are usually derived from grains countryman and grasses. 4. Concentrate (feed amplifier) Example: rice bran, corn milling, coconut cake, salt and minerals. 3. BENEFITS 1. Energy sources Included in this group are all animal feed ingredients that contain protein, roughly less than 20%, crude fiber concentrations below 18%. Based on the type, the energy source of feed material is divided into four groups, namely: 1. Group cereals / grains (corn, wheat, sorghum) 2. Group cereal byproduct (waste mill) 3. Groups of tubers (sweet potato vines, cassava and the side) 4. Forage groups consisting of several kinds of grass (elephant grass, grass and weed setaria Bengal). 2. Protein source This class includes all the feedstuffs livestock feed ingredients that have a protein content of at least 20% (derived from animal / plant). This class is divided into three groups: 1. Forage as the rest of the group consisting of agricultural products on the type of leaves as a byproduct (jackfruit leaves, banana leaves, sweet potato leaves, algae and meal) 2. Groups that deliberately planted forages, such as lamtoro, turi calothyrsus, Gliricidia and sentero 3. Group of substances produced from animals (fish meal, bone meal etc.). 3. Source of vitamins and minerals Almost all animal feed materials, both derived from plants and animals, contain several vitamins and minerals with concentrations varied depending on harvest levels, age, processing, storage, types and their parts (seeds, leaves and stems). Besides, some treatments such as heating, oxidation and storage of feed materials will influence the concentration of vitamins and minerals. Currently the feed materials as a source of vitamins and minerals are available in the market specially packaged in a manner of processed material that is ready for use as a mixture of feed, for example, Premix, lime, Ca2PO4 and some minerals. 4. TECHNICAL MANUAL PREPARATION / PROCESSING 1. Feeding Supplies Livestock feed needs to be reflected by his need for nutrients. Total nutrient needs each day depends on the type of animal, age, stage (growth, mature, pregnant and lactating), body condition (normal, sick) and the environment in his life (temperature, relative humidity of air) and body weight. So, every head of cattle of different conditions need different feed. Recommendations made by the Agency for International Research (National Research Council) regarding the standardization needs to feed livestock numbers are stated with the needs of ruminant nutrition. These recommendations can be used as a benchmark to determine the nutritional needs of ruminants, which will be filled by the feed materials in accordance / feed ingredients are easily obtained in the field. 2. Feed Intake Ruminant normal (not in a state of pain / been producing), consume food in limited amounts in accordance with the requirement to provide for basic living. Then, in line with the growth, development conditions and the resulting level of production, feed consumption will also rise. Low high feed intake in ruminants is influenced by external factors (environmental) and internal factors (livestock condition itself). 1. Environmental Temperature Ruminants in life requires an appropriate environmental temperature with his life, either in a state of being productive or not. Environmental conditions are highly variable and closely linked with the related conditions which include cattle livestock type, age, obesity, body weight, state of the cover body (skin, feathers), production levels and body heat loss rate due to environmental influences. In the event of changes in environmental conditions, there will be also changes in the consumption of food. Feed consumption usually decreases with increasing environmental temperature. The higher temperature environment, the body farm would happen excess heat, so the demand for food will decline. Conversely, at a lower temperature environment, livestock feed because cattle will require additional heat required. Body heat settings and disposal in the state of excess heat carried by livestock radiation, conduction, convection and evaporation. 2. Palatability Palatability is the performance characteristics of feed ingredients as a result of physical and chemical conditions that are owned by the feed materials, as reflected by organoleptick such as appearance, smell, taste (bland, salty, sweet, bitter), texture and temperature. This is a growing attraction and stimulate cattle to consume them. Ruminant feed to prefer sweet and bland than the salty / bitter. They also prefer fresh grass-textured and contain elements of both nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (p) higher. 3. Taste Appetite is the internal character, but closely related to the state of "hungry". In ruminants, tastes stimulate the nerve center (hyphotalamus), which stimulates hunger. Livestock will try to overcome this condition by consuming feed. In this case, sometimes the excess consumption (overat) that endanger the animal itself. 4. Status physiology Physiological status of ruminants such as age, sex, body condition (eg, pregnant or in a state of illness) so that the intake of food. 5. Nutrition Concentration Nutrient concentration have great influence on feed consumption is the concentration of energy contained in the feed. Concentration of feed energy is inversely proportional to the level of consumption. The higher the concentration of energy in the feed, then the total consumption will decline. Instead, feed consumption will increase if the concentration of low-energy contained in the feed. 6. Feed Forms Ruminant feed prefers the form of granules (pellets made forage or cut) rather than given full forage. This is closely related to particle size is more easily consumed and digested. Therefore, grass should be cut into smaller particles with a size of 3-5 cm. 7. Body Weight Animal's body weight is proportional to the level of feed consumption. The higher the body weight, the higher the level of feed consumption. Even so, we need to know the unit weight uniformity of livestock varies greatly. This can be done by estimating the weight, then converted into "metabolic body weight," which is the animal's body weight. Weight loss can be detected by means of cattle weigh. In practice in the field, cattle weight can be measured by measuring body length and chest circumference. Then the weight was measured by using the formula: * Weight loss = body length (inches) x 2 Chest Circumference (inches) / 661 * Metabolic body weight (body weight) can be calculated by increasing weight with the value 0.75 * Metabolic Weight = (Weight Loss) 0.75 8. Production Ruminant production can be either the body weight (slaughter cattle), milk (dairy cattle), labor (working cattle) or skins and fur / wool. The higher the product, the higher the need to feed. If the amount of feed consumed (provided) was lower than the need, the cattle will lose weight (especially during peak production) in addition to its production performance is not optimal. 3. Content of Poultry Feed Nutrition Any food or animal feed materials, whether intentionally we provide to livestock and earned his own, containing elements of the concentration of nutrients varies, depending on the type, kind and condition of the feed material that is compact would affect the texture and structure. Nutrients contained in feedstuffs are generally composed of water, minerals, protein, fat, carbohydrate and vitamin. When consumed by cattle, each element of nutrient plays in accordance with its function to the body of cattle to maintain a normal life and production. Nutritional elements can be known through the process of analysis of feedstuffs made in the laboratory. Analysis was known by the term "proximate analysis." 4. Cattle Feed Production Equipment 1. Various Kinds of Shiloh Silo can be created with a variety of forms depending on the location, capacity, materials used and the available acreage. Some silos are already known are: 1. Pit Silo: designed cylindrical silo (as well) and on waking up in the soil. 2. Trech Shiloh: the trench silo is constructed with a structure forming a V. 3. Fench Silo: silo that looks like a fence or partition made of bamboo or wood. 4. Tower Silo: silo, designed to form a tower rising to the top of the top shut. 5. Box Silo: silo design is shaped like a box. 2. How to Formulating Feed In formulating the preparation of ration or feed, should use the benchmark Table Needs Nutrition. As an example of nutritional requirements in the preparation of rations for dairy cows is as follows: * Dairy cow weight of 350 kg of young females, one and a half months before lambing (giving birth at age 36 months), required food with nutrition as follows: 1. Basic necessities of life and reproduction: Dry = 6.4 kg, ME = 13 Mcal, Protein = 570 grams, minerals = 37 kg. 2. Lactation I: Dry = 1.0 kg, ME = 2.02 Mcal, Protein = 93.6 grams, Minerals = 5 kg. 3. Limiting the number of Dry Material = 7.4 kg, ME = 15.02 kg, protein = 663.6 grams, Mineral = 42 grams. * From the nutritional needs, the needs of feed can be formulated with a method. For example the feed materials are available: 1. Elephant grass: Dry = 16%, ME = 0.33 Mcal, Protein = 1.8 g% DW, Mineral = 2.5 grams% DW 2. Grass Potatoes: Ingredients Dried = 93.5%, ME = 3.44 Mcal, Protein = 44.9 grams% BK, Mineral = 6.3 grams% DW 3. Coconut cake: Ingredients Dry = 86%, ME = 2.86 Mcal, Protein = 18.6 g% DW, Mineral = 5.5 g% DW * Grass elephant will be used to meet the needs of as many as 80% dry matter = 80/100X7, 4 kg = 5.92 kg of BK. Then the proteins that are already able to fulfill the grass is: as = 1.8 / 100 = 106.56 x 5.92 kg grams of protein. Disadvantages: Dry material = 7.4 to 5.92 kg = 1.48 kg Protein = (663.6 to 106.56) = 557.04 g or 557.04 kg / 1480 X 100% = 37.64%. Will meet the shortage of soybean meal is a number: 19.04 / 26.3 x 1.48 kg = 1.07 kg of BK. Coconut cake will satisfy the shortfall number: 7.26 / 26.3 x 1.48 kg = 0.41 kg of BK. Thus, the amount of fresh feed material required to meet the needs of livestock with the above conditions are: Elephant grass = 5.92 X 100 / 16 kg = 37 kg Soybean meal = 1.07 X 100 / 93, 5 kg = 1.14 kg Coconut cake = 0.41 X 100 / 86 kg = 0.48 kg. 3. Feed Technology Ruminant feed technology includes processing of feed materials which aims to improve the quality of nutrition, improve digestion and prolong the store. Often also conducted in order to change the less useful agricultural waste products become efficient. Feedstuffs processing carried out physically (cutting the grass before given to livestock) will provide convenience for the livestock that consume them. Processing chemically (by adding some chemicals in the feed material to the plant cell wall which was originally structured so hard to change into software making it easier for microbes that live in the rumen to digest. Many processing techniques have been conducted in countries of sub-tropical climates and the tropics, but often cause the feed is not economical and still need to modify the techniques, especially in its application at the farmer level. Some feedstuffs processing technique is easy to do in the field are: 1. Making Hay Hay is forage crops, such as rumput-rumputan/leguminosa stored in dry form grades of water: 20-30%. Making Hay aims to ensure a uniform harvest time so as not to interfere with the growth in the next period, because the plants are uniform will be having a higher digestibility. The specific objective is to manufacture Hay, forage crops (at harvest time is excessive) can be stored for a certain period so that it can overcome the difficulties in obtaining food, forage in the dry season. There are two methods that can be applied to the Hay-making, namely: 1. Method carpet Is a simple method, conducted by meghamparkan forages that have been slaughtered in the open field in the sun. Every day stretch in turning until crispy. Hay is made this way usually have a water content: 20-30% (sign: brown color). 2. Pod Method Performed by using a kind of store shelves as a place to forage that has been dried for 1-3 days (± 50% water content). Forage to be treated should be harvested just before flowering (high-yield protein, crude fiber and the optimum water content), thus obtained are not moldy hay (no color "burnt") which will cause a decline in palatability and quality. 2. Silage Making Silage is the material form of animal feed, forage (grass or legume) that is stored in the form of fresh experience ensilase process. Making silage feed aimed at addressing shortages in the dry season or when livestock grazing is not possible. * The main principle of making silage: 1. 1. stop breathing and evaporation plant cells. 2. convert carbohydrates into lactic acid through fermentation process airtight. 3. restrain the activity of enzymes and bacterial spoilage. * Making silage at a temperature of 27-35 degrees C., resulting in excellent quality. This can be understood in organoleptic, namely: 1. 1. has a fresh texture 2. greenish color 3. odorless 4. preferred cattle 5. not moldy 6. not clot * Some methods of making silage: 1. Cutting Method o Forage first cut, the size of 3-5 cm o Entered into furrows (silos) plastic mat Pile o compacted forage (trampled) o Cover with plastic and soil 2. Mixing Method Forage mixed with other materials before they are compressed (aims to accelerate the fermentation, preventing the growth of decay fungi and bacteria, increasing the osmotic pressure of leaf cells. Ingredients mixture can include: organic acids (formic acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, propionic acid) , molasses / molasses, salt, rice bran, groats / cassava waste per ton of forage doses as follows: o organic acids: 4-6kg o molasses / drops: 40 kg o salt: 30kg o bran: 40 kg o groats: 35kg o cassava: 30kg Provision of additional materials should be carried out equally to all the forage that will be processed. If using molasses / drops done in stages with a pile of parts on the comparison of two forage on the bottom layer, 3 parts on the middle layer and the five sections in the upper layer so that uniform mixing occurs. 3. Withering method o Forage dilayukan during the first two days (dry matter content 40% - 50%. o Do as the method of cutting 3. Ammoniation Ammoniation is the process of treatment of the feed materials of agricultural wastes (straw) with the addition of chemicals: caustic soda (NaOH), sodium hydroxide (KOH) or urea (CO (NH2) 2. Ammoniation process can use urea as a chemical so that low cost and for avoid pollution. Number of urea needed in the process of ammoniation: 4 kg/100 kg of straw. Other ingredients were added, namely: water as a solvent (one liter of water per 1 kg of straw). 4. Hyper Feed Is a kind of feed that serves as a driver of growth and improvement in rumen microbial populations, thereby stimulates additional amounts of crude fiber consumption will increase production. Molasses as a raw material feed is hyper feedstuffs that can be fermented and contains several important minerals. Can improve the formula becomes more compact, contain a high enough energy can improve the palatability and flavor. Urea is a nitrogen source feed materials which can be fermented. Each kilogram of urea has a value equivalent to 2.88 kg of crude protein (6.25 X46%). In a certain proportion have positive impacts on increased consumption of crude fiber and digestibility. 1. Making Process Conducted in an atmosphere of warmth and gradually: * Molasses (29% of the total formula) is heated at a temperature of ± 50 degrees C. * Make a mixture of I (tapioca 16%, 18% of rice bran, soybean meal 13%). * Make a mixture of II (urea: 5%, 4% lime, salt, 9%). * Make a mixture of III (5% bone meal and minerals 1%). * Make a mixture of IV from a mixture of I, II, III are mixed evenly. * Put the mixture into the IV a bit less molasses, stirring until evenly (± 15 minutes). * Put in a bowl / mold plastic timber and padatkan grounded. * Store in a cool and dry. 2. Nutritional Quality Proximate analysis results, pamacu feed made with these formulations have a nutritional value as follows: Energy 1856 Kcal, 24% protein, calcium, phosphorus 2.83% and 0.5%. 3. Amount and Method of Giving Pamacu feeding can increase the concentration of ammonia in the rumen (60-100) mg / liter to 150-250 mg / liter. The number of feeding hyper adjusted to the type and weight of cattle. For ruminants small (sheep / goat) maximum 4 grams for each weight. For the large ruminants (cattle), 2 grams for every gram of body weight and 3.8 for buffalo. The food is very suitable driver for ruminants which are tended and given food crop residues such as straw or low protein content within the feed material. 5. Amplifiers Feed Amplifier or concentrate feed which is shaped like a kind of flour is a complete feed specially made to increase production and acts as a reinforcement. Easy to digest, because it is made from a mixture of several feedstuffs energy sources (grains, protein sources meal type, beans, vitamins and minerals). Some things to note in the making of food reinforcement: 1. Availability of Feed Materials Unit Price Some of the feed ingredients are easily available in an area, with varied prices, while in some other areas difficult to obtain. Price perunit feedstuffs very different from one region and other regions, so that uniformity of price per unit of nutrient (not price per unit weight) should be calculated beforehand. 2. Feed quality standards Amplifier Feed quality amplifier is indicated by the value of nutrients they contain mainly the energy content and potein. As a guideline, each kg of feed amplifier must contain a minimum of 2500 Kcal of energy and 17% protein, crude fiber 12%. 3. Methods and Technical Preparation The method of feed formulation for the amplifier is simultaneous method, rectangular method, multilevel, algebraic methods, the method of constant control, ekuasi method or graphical method. 4. Formulating procedures * Create a list of feed materials to be used, content of nutrients (energy, potein), the price per unit weight, the price per unit price per unit of energy and protein. * Determine the nutritional quality of food reinforcement standards will be made. * Formulating, carried on the form formulation. * Specify as much as 2% (in column%) of feed ingredients as a source of vitamins and minerals. * Specify as much as 30% of feed ingredients that have a higher energy content than the energy content of feed amplifier, but the price per unit of energy that are cheaper (you can use more than one kind of feed materials). * Specify as much as 18% of feed ingredients that have a higher protein content than protein content amplifier, but the price per unit of protein are cheaper. Sum * (% of materials, Kcal of energy,% protein, and its price), then the 50% formula was obtained. * Perform quality checks by comparing the quality of nutrition% 0% formula with 50% of feed nutritional quality of the amplifier. 5. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CULTURE 1. Agribusiness Cultivation Analysis: Feeding takes 70% of total farm production costs, so that remains to be an actual business that is very bright. One that allows the process agroindutri that will be good business opportunities that bring food industries bloc. Apart from that have been carried out applied research in the field of the feed block, which is likely to be developed. 6. REFERENCES 1. Kartadisastra, H.R. (1997). Provision & Management of Feeding Ruminant livestock (Cattle, Buffaloes, Sheep, Goat). Yogyakarta, Canisius 2. Budi Pratomo (1986). How to Prepare livestock rations. Poultri Indonesia. 3. Suara Karya, March 3, 1992. Know Your Cattle Feed Type Excellence. 4. Balance, June 6, 1991. Suitable For All Types of Cattle Feed. 5. Suara Karya, January 19, 1993. Utilizing the Time Feed. 6. Suara Karya, June 2, 1992. Silage, Feed Mill Dry Season. 7. Balance, July 1, 1991. Pemgolahan Preferred Straw into cattle feed. 8. People's minds, May 21, 1990. Treatment of Grains Livestock Feed Ingredients. 9. Balance, 20 July 1990. Forage Forage manufacture. 10. Suara Karya, 15 September 1992. How to Plant Elephant Grass. 11. Sovereignty of the People, June 21, 1990. Livestock Waste Food Industry Prospects in Wonosari Sunny Brown. 
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