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Cassava Cultivation
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(Manihot utilissima Pohl) I. GROWTH REQUIREMENTS 1.1. Climate a) Rainfall suitable for cassava plants between 1500-2500 mm / year. b) minimum air temperature for the growth of cassava around 10 degrees C. When the temperature is below 10 degrees C causes stunted plant growth slightly, become stunted due to the growth rate of less than perfect. c) The optimal humidity for cassava plants between 60-65%. d) The sunlight is needed for cassava plants approximately 10 hours / day, especially for the fertility of leaf and tuber development. 1.2. Planting media a) The most suitable soil for cassava is the soil crumb structure, loose, not too tough and not too rich shaft and organic materials. Soil crumb structure has good air conditioning, nutrients more readily available and easily processed. For the cassava plant growth better, the soil must be fertile and rich in organic matter both macro and micro elements. b) The type of soil suitable for growing cassava is the kind of alluvial latosol, red-yellow podzolic, mediterranean, grumosol and andosol. c) The degree of acidity (pH) of land suitable for cultivation of cassava ranged from 4.5 to 8.0 with a pH of 5.8 is ideal. In general, land in Indonesia had a low pH (acid), which ranged from 4.0 to 5.5, so often said to neutral enough for proliferation of cassava plants. 1.3. Altitude Places Height of good and ideal place to plant cassava between 10-700 m above sea level, while the tolerance between 10-1500 m above sea level. Certain types of cassava can be planted at a certain altitude to be able to grow optimally. II. TECHNICAL GUIDELINES CULTIVATION 2.1. Seeding 2.1.1. Seed Requirements For good seed to plant cassava must meet the following requirements: a) Cassava originated from parent plants quite old (10-12 months). b) must Cassava with normal growth and healthy and uniform. c) The crackers have woody and + 2.5 cm in diameter straight. d) Not to grow new shoots. 2.1.2. Seed Preparation Preparation of cassava seedlings include such things as follows: a) Seeds of stem cuttings. b) As the stem cuttings select the bottom until the middle. c) After cutting the selected then tied, each bond amount to between 25-30 stem cuttings. d) All bonds required cuttings, and then transported to the planting location. 2.2. Media Processing Plant 2.2.1. Preparation Activities that need to be done before land management are: a) Measurement of soil pH using litmus paper, pH meters and liquid pH tester. b) analyzing the type of soil in the sample or sempel soil to be planted to check the availability of nutrients, organic matter content. c) The determination of the schedule / time of planting closely related to the time of harvest. This needs to be calculated with the assumption that the time of planting along with other crops (intercropping), so that both can produce some kind of variation tanamanyang. d) The area adjusted for capital investment and the needs of each cassava farmers. Setting an important production volume was also calculated because it is associated closely with an estimated price on the market panendan. If at the time of harvest will drop the price later because in the center of the planting season, so there is set a minimum production volume. 2.2.2. Opening and Clean Land Land clearance is essentially land clearing of all manner of weeds (plant gadfly) and the roots before planting. Aim to facilitate land clearing of plant roots to grow and eliminate host plants for pests and diseases that may exist. Piracy done with farm animals, such as buffalo, cattle, or even with a tractor engine. Do break ground on the sides that are difficult to reach, on dry land which is relatively more narrow their area by the plow equipment and tools rakes up the soil ready for planting. 2.2.3. Formation beds (trench between the two lands) Beds made when land is 70% of the final stages. Bedengan or pelarikan done to facilitate the planting, in accordance with ukuranyang desired. Formation beds / bolt is intended to facilitate the maintenance of plant, such as cleaning of wild plants and healthy plant growth. 2.2.4. Calcification To raise the pH of the soil, especially on lands that are very sour / gembut soil, liming is necessary. Type of lime used is lime calcite / kaptan (CaCO3). Doses normally used for liming is 1 to 2.5 tons / ha. Liming is given at the time when the formation of piracy or roughly the same bed with manure application. 2.3. Planting Technique 2.3.1. Determination of Planting Pattern Patterns of plant must consider the season and rainfall. On dry land / dry, the best planting time is the beginning of the rainy season or after planting rice. Spacing commonly used in the monoculture pattern there are several alternatives, ie 100 X 100 cm, 100 cm or 100 X 60 X 40 cm. When the cropping pattern with intercropping system with spacing of 150 can X 100 cm or 300 X 150 cm. 2.3.2. Investment mode How to sharpen the planting is done by the lower end of cassava cuttings and then buried as deep as 50-10 cm, or approximately one third of the cuttings buried in the ground. When land is hard / heavy and juicy / moist, cuttings were planted superficially. 2.4. Plant Maintenance 2.4.1. Stitching For seedlings that died / abnormal stitching to be done, namely by way of revoked and replaced with new seedlings / backup. Seedlings or young plants that die must be replaced or embroidered. In general, farmers and entrepreneurs to replace plants that die with the rest of the existing seed. Seedlings should be a good sampler is also a healthy crop and just in time for planting. Stitching done in the morning or late afternoon, when the weather is not too hot. Pertamadan stitching time is a week of the second week after planting. When stitching that passes through the third week after planting resulted in marked differences in growth between the first crop plants and embroidery. 2.4.2. Weeding Weeding aims to remove all types of grass / weeds / nuisance (weeds) that live around the plant. In one planting season is at least 2 (two) times of weeding. 2.4.3. Pembubunan (create a crumbly soil around the plant) Menggemburkan pembubunan way done with the land around the plant and after it was made like guludan. Time pembubunan can at the same time weeding, this can save costs. Apabilatanah about Cassava plants eroded due to rain or wet spray so it needs to be done pembubunan / dengantanah closed to root is not visible. 2.4.4. cut / remove shoots / branches In Cassava plants need to be done trimming / removal of shoots for each tree must have at least 2 or 3 branches branch. This is so the tree can be used as a seed again in the next planting season. 2.4.5. Fertilization Fertilization is done with a system of balanced fertilization of N, P, K with a dose of Urea = 133-200 kg, TSP = 60-100 kg and KCl = 120-200 kg. Fertilizer was given at planting time with a dose of N: P: K = 1 / 3: 1: 1 / 3 (basic fertilization) and at 2-3 months old plants of the remaining dose of N: P: K = 2 / 3: 0: 2 / 3. 2.4.6. Irrigation and Watering Cassava farm condition of early planting until the age of 4-5 months + should always be moist, not too muddy. Padatanah dry sprinkler and irrigation needs to be done from the nearest source of water. Irrigation was made during the dry season by going straight flush, but this can damage the soil. A good system used was a pool system so that water can be up to the root zone by infiltration. Irrigation systems can be done two weeks of inundation sekalidan permanently awarded based on need. 2.4.7. Pesticide Spraying Time Types and doses adjusted to the type of pesticide illness. Pesticide spraying is best done on the morning after the dew is lost or in the afternoon. Pesticide doses adjusted to local pests and diseases, read with good use of dose on the label brand of the drug used. If pests and diseases, the dose of violent attack with pesticide should be more but its use must be careful because the beneficial insects that can contribute to death. 2.5. Pests and Diseases 2.5.1. Pest a) Uret (Xylenthropus) Key features: located in the root of the plant. Symptoms: plants die at a young age who, because of the stem and tuber roots were damaged. Control: clean the remnants of organic material at planting and / or mix the Sevin at the time of land preparation. b) red mite (Tetranychus bimaculatus) Feature: attack on the lower leaves by sucking the fluid leaves. Symptoms: leaves will become dry. Control: plant varieties tolerant and squirts water. 2.5.2. Disease a) Bacterial leaf spots Cause: Xanthomonas manihotis or Cassava Bacterial Blight / CBG. Symptoms: cornered spots on leaves and then move and resulted in dried leaves and eventually die. Control: planting resistant varieties, cut or destroy the diseased plants, do garden sanitation and crop rotation b) Bacterial Wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum EF Smith) Feature: Living in the leaves, roots and stems. Symptoms: leaves suddenly wilted like a scalded. Root, stem and tuber rot immediately. Control: do crop rotation, planting resistant varieties such as Adira 1, Adira 2 and Muara, perform removal and disposal of sick plants. c) brown leaf spots (Cercospora heningsii) Cause: The fungi that live inside the leaves. Symptoms: leaves, brown spots, dry, small round holes and dead leaf tissue. Control: undertaking widening spacing, planting resistant varieties, pruning the leaves of the sick and perform field sanitation. d) concentric leaf spot (Phoma phyllostica) Cause: The fungi that live on the leaves. Symptoms: the existence of small spots and dots, especially on young leaves. Control: widening the spacing, conduct field sanitation and pruning diseased parts of plants. 2.5.3. Weeds The system of weeding / cleaning thoroughly and gulmanya burned / buried in like the Cassava farmers generally can suppress the growth of weeds. However, weeds still grow in the ditches / drains and the planting hole. Special weeds from among the puzzles (Cyperus sp.) Can be in the fight by way of weeding is done manually by 2-3 times permusim planting. Weeding is done until the roots of uprooted plants. Chemically with the spraying of herbicides such as 2,4-D group sulfonil amen and urea. Spraying should be done with caution. While the other is a grass weed species which are found in the planting hole or in the gutter / ditch. Grass weed species frequently encountered are the type of callus grass (Eleusine indica), tuton (Echinochloa colona), grintingan grass (Cynodon dactilon), bitter grass (Paspalum distichum), and digger sunduk grass (Digitaria ciliaris). Eradication of weeds from the grass type that is done by manual weeding and spraying herbicides such a narrow spectrum Rumpas 120 EW with a concentration from 1.0 to 1.5 ml / liter. 2.6. Harvest 2.6.1. Characteristics and Harvest Cassava can be harvested at lower leaf growth begins to decline. Color leaves start yellowing and many are falling. Age cassava crop harvest has been achieved for 6-8 months and 9-12 months Dwarf varieties for varieties in. 2.6.2. How to Harvest Cassava is harvested in a way remove the stems and tubers were left were taken with a hoe or fork the soil. 2.7. Postharvest 2.7.1. Collection Yields are collected in a strategic location, safe and easily accessible by public transportation. 2.7.2. Sorting and grading The selection or sorting of cassava tubers can actually be done at the time of revocation took place. But sorting were cassava tubers can be done after all the trees removed and stored in one place. Sorting done to choose a colored bulb clean look of the fresh peel and the handicapped, especially seen from the size of the bulb and black spots / lines on the flesh of the tuber. 2.7.3. Storage Safe mode cassava tuber crops conducted in the following manner: a) Make a hole in the ground for storage of fresh cassava tubers are. Hole size is adjusted by the number of tubers to be stored. b) Cover the bottom with straw or leaves, for example with jackfruit leaves or cassava leaves itself. c) Enter the cassava tubers are structured and organized in layers and each layer cover with fresh leaves of the above or straw. d) Finally fill the hole containing cassava tubers until the hole closed convex surface, and such storage systems is quite durable and make the bulbs stay fresh as the original. 2.7.4. Packaging and Transportation Packaging of cassava tubers aims to protect bulbs from damage during transportation. For inter-city market / domestic packaged and included in jute sacks or baskets made of bamboo to keep them fresh. Especially for marketing between islands or exported, typically cassava tuber is packaged in the form of dried cassava or tapioca flour used. Packaging can then be stored in cardboard or plastic-plastic in various sizes, according to producer demand. Once packed cassava tuber in fresh form or in the form of dried cassava or tapioca transported by means of both traditional and modern transportation to the consumer, whether domestic or foreign. 
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