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| Cultivation Ginger (Zingiber officinale) I |
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Introduction
GROWTH REQUIREMENTS Land required for ginger cultivation in areas suitable for growth. For the growth of ginger optimal necessary conditions of climate and land as follows: climate types A, B and C (Schmidt & Ferguson), elevation 300-900 m above sea level., Temperature annual average 25-30 º C, the number of wet months (> 100 mm / bl) 7-9 months per year, annual rainfall 2500-4000 mm, light intensity 70-100% or slightly shaded to open, good soil drainage, soil texture is sandy clay to clay, soil pH 6.8 to 7.4. In areas with a low pH can be given agricultural lime (kaptan) 1-3 tons / ha or dolomite 0.5 to 2 tons / ha to increase soil pH. In areas with a slope> 3% is recommended to be making the porch, patio benches are highly recommended if fairly steep slope. This is to avoid the leaching of land resulting in soil became infertile, and ginger seeds drifting on currents. Other land requirements are also important for penamaman ginger is not an area of land soil borne diseases are endemic (soil borne diseases), especially bacterial wilt and nematodes. To ensure the health of the land, that land should be used instead of ginger used, or no bacterial wilt disease dilahan and only two times in a row planted with ginger. Recommended moving the next year to avoid crop failure due to the problem of disease and the symptoms Allelopathic. PLANT MATERIAL Ginger (Zingiber officinale ROSC.; Ginger) is an annual herb belonging to Zingiberaceae family, with two pairs of leaf-shaped sword two, rhizomes like horns, flavorful. During the time in Indonesia, based on the shape, color and aroma of rhizomes as well as three types of known chemical composition of ginger, is a large white ginger, ginger, and red ginger CVD. Large white ginger (Z. officinale var. Officinarum) has a large rhizome berbuku, yellowish white with a diameter of 8.47 to 8.50 cm, less sharp fragrance, height and length of rhizome from 6.20 to 11.30 and 15.83 - 32.75 cm, light green leaf color, light green stems with in rhizome of volatile oil content from 0.82 to 2.8%. Small white ginger (Z. officinale var. Amarum) has a small rhizome layers, sharp scent, creamy with a diameter of 3.27 to 4.05 cm, height and length of rhizome from 6.38 to 11.10 and 6.13 - 31.70 cm, light green leaf color, light green stems with essential oil content of 1.50 to 3.50%. Red ginger (Z. officanale var. Rubrum) has a small rhizome-plated, scent is very sharp, young orange to red with a diameter of 4.20 to 4.26 cm, height and length of rhizome from 5.26 to 10.40 and 12.33 - 12.60 cm, light green leaf color, reddish-green stems with essential oil content of 2.58 to 3.90%. IMACRI has removed a large varieties of white ginger (Station-1) with the potential to produce 17-37 tonnes / ha. While candidates for the small varieties of white ginger and red ginger average production potential of each for a small white ginger is 16 tonnes / ha with the essential oil content of 1.7 to 3.8%, oleoresin content of 2.39 to 8.87% . Meanwhile, red ginger production potential 22 tonnes / ha of essential oil content from 3.2 to 3.6%, oleoresin content from 5.86 to 6.36%. Seedling Seeds used to be clear origins, healthy and not mixed with other varieties. A healthy seed must be derived from the cultivation of healthy, no disease. Some important diseases which are common ginger plant, especially the big white ginger, is a bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum), fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum), wilting rizoktonia (Rhizoctonia solani), nematode (Rhodopolus similis) and flies rhizome (Mimergralla coeruleifrons, Eumerus figurans) and lice shield (Aspidiella hartii). Rhizomes that have been infected with the disease may not be used as seed because it will be a source of disease transmission in the field. The selection must be made since the planting of seeds still in the field. Where a plant disease or mixed with other species, the plant disease and other types of plants must be removed and kept away from areas of cropping. Selection (sorting) is then performed after the harvest, in storage warehouses. Examination done to remove the infected seed pests and diseases or discard the seeds from the other types. Rhizome that will be used for seed should have a minimum age of 10 months old. The characteristics of the old rhizome, among others high fiber content and coarse, smooth and hard skin is not easy to peel, revealing signs of skin color glossy pithy. Rhizomes are selected to be used as seed, should have 2-3 buds were going well with the weight of about 25-60 g for a large white ginger, 20-40 g of small white ginger and red ginger. Supplies of seed per ha for red ginger and ginger CVD 1 to 1.5 tons, whereas the large white ginger old harvested seeds require 2-3 tons / ha and 5 tons / ha for the large white ginger is harvested young. The best part of rhizome is used as seed rhizomes in the second and third sections. Before planting the seed rhizomes ditunaskan first menyemaikan way that is, laid out the rhizomes in the straw / reed thin, in the shade or in a storage warehouse and is not stacked. For the commonly used containers or racks made of bamboo or wood as the base. During the seeding done watering every day as needed, to maintain humidity rhizome. Seeds germinate with high rhizome uniform shoots 1-2 cm, ready to be planted in the field and can be adapted directly, is also not easily damaged. Rhizome that has sprouted is then selected and cut to size. To prevent bacterial infection, performed by soaking in antibiotic solution recommended dosage. Then the wind dried. CULTIVATION To achieve optimal results in the cultivation of a large white ginger, ginger tiny white or red ginger, in addition to using improved varieties of origin is clearly worth noting also means conducting. Land preparation Before planting the soil treatments. Cultivated land so that flabby and cleared of weeds. Ground processing is done by menggarpu and hoeing the soil as deep as 30 cm, cleaned of twigs and the remnants of decayed plants difficult. For land with thin topsoil, soil treatment must be carefully adapted to the soil layer, and do not hoe or digarpu too deep so that the topsoil mixed with the soil layer below, this can result in less lush growth of plants. After the soil is processed and digemburkan, made bed slope direction (to the sloping ground), the system or with the system guludan pris (ditch). In bed or guludan then made the planting hole. Planting distance The seed is planted deep ginger 5-7 cm with a bud facing upwards, not backwards, because it can inhibit growth. Spacing used for the planting of large white ginger is harvested older 80 cm x 40 cm or 60 cm x 40 cm, small and white ginger red ginger 60 cm x 40 centimeters. Fertilization Sheep or cow manure that has been cooked as much as 20 tons / ha, given 2-4 weeks before planting. At the age of 4 months after planting, manure can also be given to two of 20 tons / ha. Maintenance Maintenance done so that plants can grow and produce well. a. Weeding weeds Until the old plants 6-7 months usually grow weed, so weeding should be done intensively in a clean. Weeding after the age of four months needs to be done carefully so as not to damage the root system can cause the entry of seeds disease. To reduce the intensity of weeding can use a thick mulch of straw or chaff. b. Stitching Plants that do not grow embroidery done at age 1 - 1.5 months after planting using seed reserves that have been selected and planted. c. Pembumbunan (closing the base of the stem with soil) Pembumbunan start made at the time had formed clumps with 4-5 tillers, so that rhizomes are always covered with soil. In addition, with pembumbunan done, drainage will be maintained. d. Pest control Pest control carried out in accordance with purposes. The main diseases in the ginger rhizome rot is caused by bacterial attack wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum). Until now there is no adequate control methods, except by adopting measures to prevent the entry of seeds disease, such as healthy land use, use of healthy seeds, healthy seed treatment (antibiotics), to avoid injury (the use of rice husk ash), crop rotation, cleaning crop residues and weeds, making irrigation channels so that no stagnant water and the water does not flow through healthy plots (sanitation), inspection of the garden regularly. Plants attacked bacterial wilt be withdrawn and burnt to avoid the spread of the pest attack. Significant pests are flies rhizome Mimergralla coeruleifrons (Diptera, Micropezidae) and Eumerus figurans (Diptera, Syrpidae), lice shield (Aspidiella hartii) began attacking the rhizomes of ginger cultivation and cause poor performance and leaf spot caused by a fungus (Phyllosticta sp.). This disease occurs when on young plants (before six months) will cause a significant decline in production. Measures to prevent the expansion of this disease by spraying fungicide as soon as it appears there was an attack (repeated every week), plant sanitation illness, routine inspection. Cropping Pattern To improve land productivity, ginger can ditumpangsarikan with food crops such as beans and vegetables, in accordance with the land condition. HARVEST Harvest to consumption begins at age 6 to 10 months. However, the season for seed harvested at the age of 10-12 months. How to harvest was done by dismantling the entire rimpangnya using a fork, hoe, and then stick to cleared land. By using a large variety of white ginger (Station-1) produced an average of 27 tons of fresh ginger, ginger prospective small white varieties (JPK 3; JPK 6) with a recommended way of cultivation, produced an average of 16 tonnes / ha fresh rhizome essential oil content of 1.7 to 3.8%, oleoresin content of 2.39 to 8.87%. Meanwhile, red ginger 22 tonnes / ha of essential oil content from 3.2 to 3.6%, oleoresin content of 5.86 to 6.36%. Rhizome quality of improved varieties Cimanggu-1 and prospective small varieties of white ginger and red ginger, meet the standards of Materia Medika Indonesia (MMI). Based on trading standards, the quality of fresh ginger rhizomes be categorized as follows: Quality I: The weight of 250 g / rhizome, skin was not peeling, do not contain any foreign objects and molds; Quality II: The weight of 150-249 g / rhizome, skin was not peeling, do not contain objects foreign and molds, Quality III according to the weight of the analysis, the maximum peeling skin 10%, foreign body maximum 3%, maximum 10% fungal POST HARVEST Ginger processing stages include sorting, washing, slicing, drying, packaging and storage. After harvest, the rhizomes should be promptly cleaned to avoid excessive dirt and unwanted microorganisms. Rhizome cleaned with high pressure water sprayed, or washed by hand. After washing, dry the rhizomes dianginanginkan for washing water. For sale fresh, ginger can be directly packaged. But if you want in the form of dried or crude, it is necessary to slicing thick rhizomes 1-4 mm. To get the bulbs with interesting textures, before sliced rhizome boiled a few minutes till occurred Rhizome gelatinization process that has been sliced, and then dried by solar energy or by artificial drying / oven at a temperature of 36-46 ° C. When the water content has reached about 80-10%, when the rhizomes can be broken, the drying has been considered sufficient. In addition, logs of known dry Ginger (Ginger small white and red ginger) is processed by way of ginger rhizome intact tingling to the water exit portion, and then dried by solar energy, or oven until dry or water content reaches 80-10%. Dried rhizomes can be packed in boxes, bags or airtight plastic, and can be stored safely, if the water level is low. Storage space must be considered sanitation, well-ventilated, with low ambient temperatures and dry to prevent contamination by microbes and pests warehouse. PRODUCT diversification In addition to bulbs, can be obtained from the rhizomes of ginger essential oil, oleoresin, powder, pickled ginger, ginger in syrup, candied ginger, crystal ginger and ginger wine. Pickled ginger is a potential export material, made of large white ginger is harvested young (3 months), with low fiber content. Meanwhile, ginger candy, candy, syrup, instant, sherbet and ginger sekoteng comes from a small white parents were harvested. In addition to traditional medicine (herbal medicine), ginger is already being used for drug content phytopharmaca because gingerolnya. The active ingredient was isolated from ginger extracts which are useful to overcome the pain in bones, muscles and joints. 
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