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| Cultivation Ginger (Zingiber officinale) II |
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1. HISTORY Ginger is a medicinal plant in the form of quasi-trunked clump of plants.  Ginger comes from the Asia Pacific region that spread from India to China. Therefore these two nations was mentioned as a nation who first used primarily as raw ginger beverages, spices and traditional medicines.Ginger is included in the tribe-finding meeting (Zingiberaceae), a family with other findings such as the Intersection-Intersection buffoonery (Cucuma xanthorrizha), black Intersection (Curcuma aeruginosa), turmeric (Curcuma domestica), Indian galanga (Kaempferia galanga), galangal (Languas galanga ) and others. Local names such as ginger ginger (Aceh), beeuing (Gayo), bahing (Batak Karo), sipodeh (Minangkabau), jahi (Lampung), ginger (Sunda), jae (Java and Bali), jhai (Madura), melito ( Gorontalo), geraka (Ternate), etc.. 2. PLANT DESCRIPTION 2.1 Classification Division: spermatophytes Sub-division: Angiospermae Class: Monocotyledoneae Order: Zingiberales Family: Zingiberaceae Genus: Zingiber Species: Zingiber officinale 2.2 Description Herbaceous plant trunked false, height 30 cm to 1 m, the rhizome when cut yellow or orange. Leaves narrow, length 15-23 mm, width 8-15 mm; hairy petiole, length 2-4 mm; form the tongue leaves elongate, length 7.5 to 10 mm, and not hairy; sheath somewhat hairy. Inflorescence a panicle protruding surface soil, egg-shaped rod or round the narrow, 2.75 - 3 times its width, very sharp; panicle length from 3.5 to 5 cm, width 1.5 to 1.75 cm pedicle almost hairless , 25 cm long, rarely hairy rahis; scales on the handle there are 5-7 pieces, lancet-shaped, adjacent or tight, almost hairless, the length scales 3-5 cm; leaf guards round obovate, rounded at the ends, not hairy , bright green, length 2.5 cm, width 1 to 1.75 cm; tubular petals 2 to 2.5 cm, strand rather narrow, sharp-shaped, greenish yellow, length 1.5 to 2.5 mm , width from 3 to 3.5 mm, the lips were purple, dark, mottled yellowish white color, length 12-15 mm; with purple anthers, length 9 mm; stem pistil 2 2.3 Types of Crops Ginger is divided into three types based on size, shape and color rimpangnya. Commonly known three varieties of ginger, namely: 1) Ginger white / yellow large or also known as ginger or ginger elephant rhinoceros. Rhizome larger and heavier, more swollen rhizome segments from the two other varieties. This unusual type of ginger is consumed both when young and old aged parents, either as fresh ginger and ginger preparations. 2) Ginger / white small yellow or also known as ginger or ginger sunti CVD, a small segment, somewhat flat to slightly inflated. Ginger was always harvested after old age. Content of essential oil of ginger more than elephants, so it is more spicy, as well as high fiber. Ginger is suitable for the concoction of drugs, or to extract oleoresin and volatile oils. 3) Red Ginger Rhizome red and smaller than a small white ginger. just like the little ginger, red ginger always harvested after the elderly, and also contains the same essential oil with a small ginger, making it suitable for herb medicine. 3. BENEFITS OF PLANTS Ginger rhizome can be used as cooking spices, aroma and taste of the giver of food such as breads, cakes, biscuits, confectionery and beverages. Ginger can also be used in the drug industry, perfume, traditional herbal medicine industry, processed into pickled ginger, make pickles, fresh vegetable, bandrek, sekoteng and syrup. Today farmers use chilli ginger as a natural pesticide. In a trade sale in the form of fresh ginger, dried ginger, ginger powder and mounted. In addition there are the results of processed ginger, such as oils and oils obtained koresin by distillation which is useful as a blending ingredient in alcoholic beverages, ice cream, a mixture of sausage and others. The benefit of a Pharmacology, among others, are as carmintive (peluruh fart), anti-vomiting, seizures relievers, anti-hardening of blood vessels, sweat peluruh, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and parasitic, anti piretik, anti-rheumatic, and stimulate spending and latex sap of gastric bile . 4. INVESTMENT CENTER There are in all over Indonesia, planted in gardens and in the yard. At this time a lot of ginger has been cultivated in Australia, Sri Lanka, China, Egypt, Greece, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan. Ginger from Jamaica has the highest quality, while India is the country's largest producers of ginger, which is more than 50% of total world production of ginger. 5. GROWTH REQUIREMENTS 5.1. Climate 1) ginger plant requires a relatively high rainfall, which is between 2500-4000 mm / year. 2) At the age of 2.5 to 7 months or more of the ginger plant requires sunlight. In other words ginger cultivation was conducted in an open place that gets sun all day. 3) The optimum temperature for the cultivation of ginger between 20-35 oC. 5.2. Planting media 1) Plants most suited ginger planted on fertile soil, crumbly and contains a lot of humus. 2) Texture good soil is sandy clay, sandy clay and soil laterik. 3) ginger plants can be grown on soil acidity (pH) of approximately 4.3 to 7.4. But the soil acidity (pH), the optimum for elephant ginger is from 6.8 to 7.0. 5.3. Altitude Venue 1) Ginger grows well in tropical and subtropical regions with an altitude of 0-2000 m above sea level. 2) In Indonesia, are generally planted at an altitude of 200-600 m above sea level. 6. CULTURE GUIDELINES 6.1. Seeding 1) Requirements for Breeding Quality seeds are the seeds that meet the quality requirements of genetic, physiological quality (high percentage growth), and physical quality. The definition of physical quality is a seed that is free of pests and diseases. Therefore, criteria must be met, including: a. Seed material taken directly from the garden (instead of the market). b. Selected materials from the seeds of plants that are old (90-10 months old). c. Also selected from healthy plants and rhizomes do not hurt the skin or blisters. 2) Seeds Seeding Techniques For crop growth simultaneously or uniform, do not directly planted seedlings should first dikecambahkan. Seeds seeding can be done with a wooden crate or a bed. a. Seeding on a wooden crate Newly harvested ginger rhizome is dried while (not dry), and then kept around 1 to 1.5 months. Break the rhizomes by hand where each piece has 3-5 eyes re-shoots and dried 1/2-1 days. Further cuts would be the seeds are packed into a sack beranyaman rarely, and then soaked in a solution of fungicide and growth regulator approximately one minute, then drain. After it is inserted into a wooden crate. Make way of seeding with a wooden crate as follows: at the bottom of a wooden coffin will be placed a layer of seeds, and then on it was given, or rice husk ash, and so on so that most of the rice husk ash, or such. After 2-4 weeks, is already sowing the seeds of ginger. b. Seeding on beds Create a simple seeding house size 10 x 8 m to plant a ton (elephant ginger needs 1 ha). Seeding in the house was made beds from 10 cm-thick pile of straw. Rhizome seedlings would have been prepared on the bed of straw and hay are closed, and on it were then given a straw rhizomes also, demikianseterusnya, so we get four-layer structure of rhizome with the top of straw. Treatment of seedlings in the bed can be done by watering every day and occasionally sprayed with a fungicide. After two weeks, usually already sprouted rhizomes. When the seeds germinate selected so as not to carry low-quality seeds. Seed selection results dipatah-break it by hand and each piece has 3-5 buds and weighing 40-60 grams. 3) Preparation of Seeds Before planting, seedlings should be freed from the threat of disease with the way the seeds are inserted into the sack and dipped in a fungicide solution of approximately 8 hours. Then the dried seeds 2-4 hours, then planted. 6.2. Media Processing Plant 1) Land Preparation To obtain optimum yields must be considered necessary syaratsyarat grow ginger plants. When the acidity of the soil according to soil acidity is not required ginger plant, it shall be increased or decreased acidity with lime. 2) Opening of Land Treatment begins with the plowed soil depths less than 30 cm in order to get the loose soil condition or crumbs and clean the nuisance plants. After it left the ground 2-4 weeks for toxic gases evaporate and seedling diseases and pests will die in the sun. If at first cultivation was thought not too loose, it can be processed a second ground approximately 2-3 weeks before planting and at the same dose given manure with 1500-2500 kg. 3) Formation bedengan In areas with poor soil and water conditions as well untukencegah occurrence of standing water, the soil should be processed into bed-size bed ith height 20-30 cm, width of 80-100 cm, while anjangnya adapted to land conditions. 4) calcification In soil with low pH, most nutrient elements in it, especially phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) in a state are not available or difficult to absorb. Sour soil conditions may be the media development of some disease-causing fungi Fusarium sp and Pythium sp. Calcification also serve to add much-needed potassium elements to harden the plants are woody plants, stimulated the formation of root hairs, cell walls thicken and stimulate the formation of fruit seeds. a. PH <4 (most acidic): needs dolomite> 10 tons / ha. b. PH 5 (acid): the need dolomite 5.5 tons / ha. c. PH 6 (slightly acidic): dolomite needs 0.8 tonnes / ha. 6.3. Planting Technique 1) Determining Crop Pattern Ginger cultivation in monoculture on a particular area is considered quite rational, because it can provide high-production and production. But in the region, cultivation of ginger plants in monoculture is less acceptable because it always result in losses. Planting ginger is intercropped with other plants have advantages as follows: a. Reduce losses caused by price fluctuation. b. Reduce the cost of labor, such as plant maintenance workers. c. Improve land productivity. d. Improving the physical properties and preserve the land due to low growth of weeds (plants disruptors). Practice in the field, there are ditumpangsarikan with sayursayuran ginger, such as cucumbers, red onions, chili, beans and others. There is also a ditumpangsarikan with crops, like corn, peanuts and some other nuts. 2) Planting Hole Pembutan To avoid the growth of ginger is ugly, because of poor soil water conditions, the soil should be processed into bed-beds. Next make small holes, or grooves 3 to 7.5 cm deep to plant seeds. 3) How Planting Way of planting is done by attaching a horizontal rhizome of seedlings into the planting hole or groove that had been prepared. 4) The period of Cultivation Ginger planting should be done at the beginning of the rainy season around September and October. This is possible because the young plants will need plenty of water for growth. 6.4. Plant Maintenance 1) stitching Approximately 2-3 weeks after planting, rhizomes should be held to see who died. If so should be implemented immediately embroidery stitching for seed growth was not far behind with other plants, it is better to choose a good seed and rhizome proper maintenance. 2) Weeding The first weeding was done when the ginger plants 2-4 weeks later followed by 3-6 weeks. Depending on the condition of nuisance plants that grow. But after a 6-7 month old ginger, weeding should not have done anymore, because at that age rimpangnya start big. 3) Pembubunan Ground ginger plants need air circulation and water can work well, then the soil must digemburkan. In addition to stockpiling purposes pembubunan ginger rhizome which sometimes rise to the top surface of the soil. When the ginger plants are young, fairly thin hoe the soil around the clump with a distance of approximately 30 cm. In the next month can be deepened and widened every time pembubunan be well formed and shaped gubidan water system that serves to channel the excess water. Pembumbunan first done at the time shaped clumps of ginger plant which consists of pseudo stems 3-4, usually 2-3 times pembubunan conducted during the life of ginger plants. However, depending on soil conditions and the amount of rain. 4) Fertilization Organic Fertilization In organic agriculture does not use chemicals, including fertilizers, and medicines, the organic fertilizer that is by using organic compost or manure is more often compared to when we use artificial fertilizers. The organic compost fertilizer was conducted at the beginning of cropping at the time of manufacture guludan as basal fertilizer were 60-80 tons per hectare are spread and mixed into the soil processed. To economize the use of compost can also be done by way of filling of each planting hole at the beginning of cultivation of 0.5 - 1kg per plant. Fertilizer insertion is then performed at the age of 2-3 months, 4-6 months and 8-10 months. The insertion of fertilizers were 2-3 kg per plant. Compost fertilizer is usually done after and at the same kegiatanpenyiangan pembubunan activities. 5) Irrigation and Watering Ginger plants do not require too much water to grow, but at the beginning of planting time cultivated in the early rainy season planting around September; 6) Organic Pesticide Spraying Time Organic pesticide spraying should be done from the time of storage of seeds for sowing and at the time of maintenance. Organic pesticide spraying in the maintenance phase is usually mixed with a liquid organic fertilizer or vitamins that encourage the growth of ginger. 7th. Pests and diseases 7.1. Pest Plant pests are found in ginger are: 1) Ladybug, attacking the leaves of plants through holes. 2) Caterpillars fiddle roots, attacking the roots of plants and cause crop ginger ginger into the dry and dead. 3) Beetle. 7.2. Disease 1) bakeries wilt disease Symptoms: At first strands of leaf folding and rolling up the bottom and then color change from green to yellow and dry. Then shoot rods into decay and eventually fall down dead plants. When noted, the sick rhizome dark and a little rotted, if rhizome cut will come out milky white mucus until browned. This disease attacked the crop of ginger at the age of 3-4 months and the most influential factor is the cold air temperature, inundation and soil conditions are too humid. Control: § ginger seed health insurance; § ginger plant quarantine affected by the disease; § control with good ground processing; § Organic fungicide control 2) rhizome rot disease This disease can go into seed ginger rhizome through the wound. He will grow well at temperatures 20-25 degrees C and continue to grow eventually cause the rhizomes to rot. Symptoms: Bottom leaves changing to yellow and then shrivel and finally dead plants. Control: § the use of healthy seeds; § A good implementation of the planting pattern; § Organic fungicides 3) leaf spot disease The disease can be transmitted by the wind, will go through injury or without injury. Symptoms: In leaf spots 3-5 mm in size, then patches it is grayed out and the middle there are black spots, while the rotten rim wet. Plants attacked would die. Control: precautions and spraying both leaf spot disease as well as the ways described above. 7.3. Weeds Potential weeds in cropping temu lawak is weed the garden, among others, nut-grass, weeds, Ageratum, and other broad-leaved weeds. 7.4. Control of pests / diseases organically In organic agriculture which does not use hazardous chemicals but with the friendly materials are usually done in an integrated environment since the beginning of planting to avoid pest and disease known as IPM (Integrated Pest Management), whose components are as follows: 1) Ensuring a healthy plant growth that is choosing a healthy seed free from pests and diseases and pests resistant to attack from the very start cropping 2) Utilize as much as possible natural enemies 3) Using high yielding varieties resistant to pests and disease. 4) Using physical controls / mechanics that is with human power. 5) Using the techniques of cultivating a good example by choosing intercropping cultivation of plants that support each other, and rotation of crops in each cropping period to break the cycle of potential spread of pests and diseases. 6th) The use of pesticides, insecticides, herbicides environmentally friendly natural and do not generate toxic residues in both plant materials are harvested ma and on the ground. Besides the use of this material only for emergencies based on the level of economic damage resulting from observation. Some plants that can be utilized as organic and pesticide use in pest management include: 1) Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) is a contact insecticide containing nicotine to a toxic fumigant or abdomen. Applications for such small insects Aphids. 2) Piretrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium) containing pyrethrin can be used as a systemic insecticide that attacks the central nervous with the spray application. Applications in insects such as house flies, mosquitoes, fleas, pest barn, and fruit flies. 3) Tuba (Derris elliptica and Derris malaccensis) containing rotenone for a contact insecticide formulated in the form of blowing and spray. 4) Neem tree or neem (Azadirachta indica) containing azadirachtin yang works quite selective. Applications are particularly toxic to insects such as aphis exploiters and insect pests chewers like leaf roller (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis). This material is also effective for tackling the virus attacks the RSV, GSV and Tungro. 5) Jícama (Pachyrrhizus erosus) which contains the seeds of pakhirizida rotenoid that can be used as an insecticide and larvasida. 6) Jeringau (Acorus Calamus), which contains the main components asaron rimpangnya and is usually used to poison insects and fungi exterminator and pest Callosobrocus warehouse. 8. HARVEST 8.1. Characteristics and Harvest The harvesting time depends on the use of ginger itself. When the need for food seasonings, then the ginger crop can be planted at the age of approximately four months with a way to break some of the rhizome and the rest is left up to parents. If the ginger to be marketed, then the ginger is harvested after a quite old. Age ginger plants that can be harvested between 10-12 months, with the characteristics of the leaf color changed from green to yellow and stem all dried up. Eg elephant ginger plants will dry at the age of 8 months and will lasted for 15 days or more. 8.2. How to Harvest Way of a good harvest, the soil carefully unloaded using a fork or hoe, cultivated ginger rhizome should not hurt. Furthermore, soil and dirt attached to the rhizome is cleaned and washed when necessary. After that dried ginger on the board or banana leaves for about a week. Storage places should be open, not humid and not too high accumulation but rather dispersed. 8.3. Harvest Period Harvest time should be done before the rainy season, ie between the months of June to August. When the harvest is usually marked with the top soil dries. However, if no time is harvested in the dry season the first year this should be done in the dry season next year. Harvesting during the rainy season caused damage to the rhizome and lower quality in connection with lower rhizome active ingredients as more water content. 8.4. Crop Estimates Production of clones of fresh ginger rhizome elephants ranged from 15-25 tons / hectare, while for the clones of ginger or ginger sunti CVD ranged from 10-15 tons / hectare. 9. Postharvest 9.1. Wet Sorting and Washing Sorting on fresh ingredients made to separate the rhizomes of impurities such as soil, crop residues and weeds. Once completed, weigh the amount of material and place it in the sorting of plastic containers for washing. Washing is done by water, if necessary sprayed with high pressure water. Bilasannya water and observe if it still looks dirty doing flushing once or twice more. Avoid washing too long so that the quality and the active compound contained within is not soluble in water. Use of river water should be avoided because they feared had been polluted by sewage and many contain bacteria / disease. After washing is complete, drain the tray / container belubang holes so that excess water can be separated from the laundry is left, after it was placed in a plastic container / pail. 9.2. Trashes wont If necessary the process trashes wont, do it with a stainless steel blade and cover material will be shredded with a cutting board. Rhizome trashes wont be done across a thickness of about 5 mm - 7 mm. After trashes wont, weigh hasilnnya and put it in a plastic container / bucket. Trashes wont be done manually or with the mower. 9.3. Drying Drying can be done in two ways, namely by sunlight or a heater / oven. rhizome drying carried out for 3-5 days, or after the water level is below 8%. drying in the sun done on a mat or frame dryer, make sure the rhizomes are not mutually stacked. During the drying should be inverted approximately every four hours for drying evenly. Protect the rhizome of the water, and moist air from the surrounding material that could contaminate. Drying in the oven is at temperature of 50oC - 60oC. Dried rhizome be placed on an oven tray and make sure that the rhizome is not stacking with each other. After drying, weigh the amount of rhizome produced 9.4. Dry sorting. Further sorting is done on dry material that has dried by separating the materials from foreign objects such as gravel, soil or other dirt. Weigh the amount of rhizome of this sorting results (to calculate rendement). 9.5. Packaging Once clean, dry rhizome is collected in a plastic bag or sack containers are clean and air tight (had never used before). Give a clear label on the container, which explains the name of materials, parts of the plant material, the numbers / production code, name / address of the producer, net weight and storage methods. 9.6. Storage Storage conditions must be maintained to avoid damp and the temperature not exceeding 30oC and warehouses must have good ventilation and smoothly, no leaks, avoid contamination of other materials which lowers the quality of materials is concerned, have adequate lighting (avoid from direct sunlight), and net and free of pests warehouse. 10. Agribusiness Opportunity Overview Currently demand for ginger by the importing country is constantly increasing, but not all of these requests can be met considering the production of ginger is still absorbed by domestic demand. Viewed in terms of price, from 1991 to the current price fluctuations may be wet or dry ginger is said to be stable. Viewed from the aspect of demand, price stability and the production of agro prosepek domestic ginger ginger is very bright. 11.STANDAR PRODUCTION 11.1. Scope Standards include the type and quality standards, the way sampling and packaging requirements. 11.2. Description Quality standards contained in ginger in Indonesia Indonesian National Standard -SNI 01-3179-1992. 11.3. Classification and Quality Standards Ginger is classified into three types of quality, namely: the quality I, II, III. 1) General requirements a. Freshness of ginger: fresh b. Rhizome sprout: none c. The cross sectional appearance: bright c. Rhizomes forms: intact d. Insect life: free 2) Special Terms a. Weight: § Quality First> 250 grams / rhizome; Quality II § 150-249 grams / rhizome; § III, listed according to the quality of analysis, <10%. b. Rhizome peeling skin (rhizome / total rhizomes): § quality of I = 0%; § Quality II = 0%; § Quality III <10%. c. Foreign body: § quality of I = 0%; § Quality II = 0%; § Quality III <3% d. Berkapang rhizome (rhizome / total rhizomes): § quality of I = 0%; § Quality II = 0%; § Quality III <10% To get this type of ginger is done in accordance with quality standards testing, including: 1) Determination of foreign objects Weigh a number of examples that weighed between 100-200 grams. Separate items that will be determined percentage of its weight and transferred to a watch glass that has been ditera. Watch crystal with a foreign object was weighed on analytical balance. A second difference is showing the amount of weight for a foreign object in the sample being tested. 2) Determination of fiber content Drain approximately 5 grams of sample for testing in an electric air oven 105 degrees C + _1, until the weight remains. Carefully weigh approximately 2.5 grams of material that has been drained into a thimble and ekstraklah with petroleum ether (boiling point 40-60 degrees C) for about one hour by using a Soxhlet device. Move materials that have the fat-free pumpkin into a one liter capacity. Take 200 ml of dilute sulfuric acid, put in a glass cup of boiling acid didihkanlaah all that into the pumpkin which already contains the fat-free ingredients mentioned above. Saturate it with cold pumpkin immediately behind by flowing water, and the Heat the boiling flask in such a way that after one minute. Shake-shake flasks rather frequently while avoiding tertinggalnya pumpkins on the wall material that did not come into contact with acid. Continue boiling for exactly 30 minutes. Tanggalkanlah pumpkin and Strain through a fine cloth (approximately 18 fibers per inch) is placed in a filter funnel and wash with boiling water until laundry is no longer acidic to litmus. Didihkanlah a solution of sodium hydroxide using cooling behind and didihkanlah for exactly 30 minutes. Strain the pumpkin Tanggalkanlah and immediately with a cloth filter. Wash well with IAR residum boil and Move it into a gooch crucible which contains a compact thin layer telahdipijarkan asbestos. Wash the residue with a good first with hot water kemudiandengan approximately 15 ml of 95% ethyl alcohol. Dry the Crucible Gooch and its contents at 105 + _ 1 ° C in air oven until the weight remains. Cool and weigh. Pijarkan Gooch crucible at 600 + _20 degrees C in high temperature furnace until all the ingredients menngandung carbon burning. Dinginkanlah Gooch crucible containing the ash in a eksikator and weigh. 3) Determination of oil content a. Weigh carefully, approaching a gram, about 35-40 grams of samples that have been diced before input into the boiling flask. b. Add water until the entire sample is immersed into it dantambahkan also a number of stone boiling. c. Sambunglah boiling flask by means of "Dean-Stark" so that work can be used for distillation and the Heat the boiling flask and its contents. Distillation was stopped when no longer beads dripping oil along the water or if the volume of oil in the reservoir has not changed in quite some time. Usually this distillation takes approximately 6 hours. Soak its contents into a bucket of water so that the liquid inside reaches room temperature, and measure the volume of oil collected. 11.4. Taking Example 1) Sampling Of the amount in one party package of fresh ginger taken a number of export ready random packing as below, with a maximum weight of 20 tons each party. a. For the 1-100 number in party packs, samples taken 5. b. For the amount of packaging in a 101-300 party, samples taken were seven c. For the amount of packaging in a 301-500 party, samples taken were nine d. For the amount of packaging in the party 501-1000, samples taken were 10 e. For the amount of packaging in the party over in 1000, a minimum of 15 samples. Packaging that has been taken, poured its contents, and then drawn at random from as many as 10 rhizomes each package as an example. Especially for the packaging of fresh ginger weight 10 kg or less, then the samples taken as many as five rhizomes. Examples that have been taken and then tested to determine their quality. 2) The sample taker Officers must be eligible maker examples of people who are experienced or trained in advance and have ties with a legal entity. 11.5. Packaging Presented in the form of fresh ginger rhizomes intact, packed with strong plastic mesh, with a maximum weight of 15 kg per package, or packaged with a bamboo basket with a weight according to the agreement group should sellers and buyers. At the outside of each package is written, with a material that does not fade, clearly legible, among others: § Products from Indonesia § Name / company code / exporters § Name of goods § Country of destination § Gross Weight § Net Weight § Name of purchaser 12.DAFTAR CITED 1) Anonimous. 1994. Utilization of Research Results in the Context of Pesticides Vegetable. Proceedings of the Seminar in Bogor, 1 to 2 December 1993. Research Institute Spices and Medicinal Plants. Bogor. 311 Hal. 2) Anonimous. 1989. Material Vademekum Nature Medicine. Health Department Republic of Indonesia. Jakarta. 411 Hal. 3) Anonymous, Know Your Prospect Cultivation and Ginger Ginger, Daar El-Cooperative Pole, Jakarta, 1999 4) Export of Ginger banged ----------, season, Agribusiness Info Trubus, Number. 335 Hal. 32, June 1999 5) Investment ----------, Agribusiness Food Crops and Commodities Horticulture, 
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