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Cari Pestisida Organik
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| Mimba, environmentally friendly plant-based pesticides |
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Organic Pesticides Introduction
Until now, chemical pesticides are still the only farmers' ultimate weapon to control quarantine pests on farms, because it is easy to get, no hassle, and the results can be seen immediately. The use of pesticides by farmers tend to be very excessive, so the negative impact on consumer and agricultural ecosystems. One alternative way to reduce environmental pollution is to use plant-based pesticides. The principle use of these plant-based pesticides only to reduce, and not to abandon the use of chemical pesticides, because of its effectiveness is still under chemical pesticides. Indonesia has a very diverse flora, contains quite a lot of kinds of plants which are sources of material that can be used insecticides for pest control. More than 1500 species of plants in the world have been reported to adversely affect the insect. In Indonesia there are 50 families of plants producing toxins. Plant families are considered potential sources of plant-based insecticide is Meliaceae, Annonaceae, Asteraceae, Piperaceae, and Rutaceae. Mimba (Azadirachta indica A. Juss; Mileaceae), is one of the pesticide plant source material (vegetable pesticides) that can be used for pest control. These plants spread in mainland India. In Indonesia, these plants are found in the surrounding province of Central Java, East Java, Bali, and NTB. Lowlands and uplands to the altitude above sea level 0-800. is the best habitat for plant growth mimba. Planting can be done through cuttings, grafting, and seed. Seedlings through seed carried out as soon as possible after harvest. Seeds are used as seed, placed in a wet sack for 3-7 days, or soaked overnight in order to speed germination. Seeds that have germinated and then transferred in size 30 cm polybags containing a mixture of soil and humus to the 3-month-old plants. Transfer of seedlings to the land planting should be done in the rainy season, so plants are not drought. Mimba plants generally bear fruit at the age of 3-5 years, and at the age of 10 years starting productive fruiting plants. The resulting fruit can reach 50 kg per tree. Mimba plants bear fruit only once a year (around December-January). Mimba plant part that can be used as a pesticide plant leaves and seeds. Extracts of leaves and seeds contain compounds mimba main active azadiraktin. In addition to act as insecticides, mimba also has properties as a fungicide, virusida, nematisida, bactericide, and akarisida. How it Works mimba Based on the content of active ingredient, seeds and leaves contain mimba azadirachtinmeliantriol, salanin, and nimbin, which is the result of plant secondary metabolites mimba. Active compounds mimba plant pests are not killed instantly, but the effect on food resources, growth, reproduction power, replace the skin, inhibiting the marriage and sexual communication, reduction in hatching the eggs, and inhibit the formation of chitin. It also serves as pemandul. In addition to act as insecticides, plant also has properties as a fungicide, virusida, nematisida, bactericide, mitisida and rodenticides. Active compounds have been reported to affect approximately 400 insects. as the main active compound, Advantages mimba Pest control using insecticides vegetable mimba as having several advantages including: * In the natural active compounds easily decompose, so that relatively small levels of residues, the opportunity to kill the target insect is not lower and can be used just before harvest. * How specific job, so safe to vertebrates (human and livestock) * Not easy to cause resistance, because the amount of active compounds is more than one. With the above advantages, it will produce agricultural products with excellent quality, and sustainability of ecosystems is maintained. Weakness mimba * Persitensi short insecticides are sometimes less favorable than the economic aspect, because the high population required the application of repeated controls in order to achieve maximum effectiveness. * Cost of production is more expensive, so the selling price is not necessarily more expensive than synthetic insecticides. Constraints mimba development as a natural insecticide * Application is not practical and the results can not be seen, in addition, farmers must make themselves available. For that reason farmers will prefer to chemical pesticides from the vegetable. * Lack of incentive policy makers * Materials, as well as seeds mimba not available on an ongoing basis, it is because mimba seeds can be harvested only once a year. * The frequency of usage is higher, due to its toxic nature easily degraded * Requires little preparation time, to get the concentration of pesticide materials to do a good soaking for 12 hours (overnight). Based on the research results have been obtained that mimba seed water extract 50 g / l is applied to the age of 8 days effectively suppress pest flies beans, Ophiomyia phaseoli on soybean equivalent Karbofuran (Curater 3 G-6 kg / ha), Fipronil (Regent 50 EC -2 ml / l), and Klorfirifos (Petroban200 EC-2 ml / l) (Figure 1) to provide added value Rp 80 400, - per hectare, compared with no control. Mimba seeds solvent extracted with water (50 g / l) plus 0.5 ml grader / ha also effectively suppress the attack of red mites on cassava by 70% mortality. In extracts of green bean plants the seed water mimba 50 g / l can suppress loss of 13-45% against pests Maruca pod borers testulalis, and for 21.5% of the pest Thrips when compared with no control. Observations on MT Kendalpayak KP 2007 showed that the population grayak caterpillars, Spodoptera lituraBemisia tabaci high enough. The average population is grayak worm tail worm 6 / 6 swing (Fig. 2), was kebul flea population reaches 1300-1500 tails / 6 swing (Fig. 3) on the varieties Burangrang, Kaba, Ijen, who sprayed chemical insecticides, compared with 1 tail worm / 6 tail swing and 100-700 lice kebul / 6 swing at the same varieties of seeds were sprayed with powder mimba 50 g / l of water. In seed treatment powder spraying mimba 50 g / l of water, predators of spiders are found, whereas in the treatment of chemical insecticides, there were no predators of spiders (Fig. 2). Appearance applied to plant the seed powder is also good mimba (Fig. 4). The results of laboratory research on grayak caterpillar Spodoptera litura. obtained that the water extract of leaves mimba (EDM) and water extract of seeds mimba (EBM) effectively suppress larval populations S. lituraS. Litura (Fig. 5). and lice kebul, each up to 83% and 93%. Larval mortality at higher seed treatment when compared with the treatment leaf. The use of EDM with a concentration of 10% (100 g / l) was not statistically significantly different with the use of EBM as much as 50 g / l. The higher the concentration of seeds and leaves are used the more effective / efficacious in lethal larvae.
Bs = BPMC (Bassa 50 EC); Crt = karbofuran (Curater 3G); PTF = karbofuran (Petrofur 3G); Sidm = sipermetrin (Sidametrin 50 EC); RGT = fipronil (Regent 50 EC); PTB = klorfrifos (200 EC Petroban ); Sky = seed srikaya; Bkg - Seed Bengkuang; Mb = seed mimba; K = control; pop = population; tan. = Plant. Figure 1. Fly larvae population fluctuations of nuts after insecticide treatment. Inlitkabi Kendalpayak-Malang, MK. 2005
Gambar 2. Populasi ulat grayak, laba-laba, dan kutu kebul pada perlakuan penyemprotan insektisida kimia dan serbuk biji mimba, KP Kendalpayak, MT. 2007 
Figure 3. Kebul flea populations in the treatment of chemical spraying of insecticide and seed powders mimba, KP Kendalpayak, MT. 2007 
Gambar 4. Varietas Burangrang yang diapliaski dengan sebuk biji mimba 50 gr/l 
Figure 5. The average mortality of larvae at several concentrations of seeds (BM) and leaves mimba (DM) is dissolved in the solvent water. Laboratory Balitkabi, MK 2008 
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